High sulfur bituminous coal

Cobalt—molybdenum alloys are used for the desulfurization of high sulfur bituminous coal, and cobalt—iron alloys in the hydrocracking of cmde oil shale (qv) and in coalhquefaction (6). 

For high-sulfur bituminous coal containing 4.0 weight percent sulfur, the scrubber inlet S02 concentration is about 2800 ppm, and the required outlet S02 for 90 percent removal is 280 ppm. S02 back-pressure should not be a limiting factor for a scrubber inlet pH of at least 5.0 with an outlet pH of at least 4.6. Thus, limestone stoichiometries as low as 1.1 are feasible with high-sulfur coal and a well-designed scrubber system. 

The plant will process 27,836 TPSD of Illinois No. 6 high sulfur bituminous coal containing 4.45 wt% sulfur on an as recieved basis. The output of fuel products form the plant is 15,531 BPSD of naphtha and 51,325 BPSD of syncrude. 1,178 tons per day of elemental sulfur is produced. This represents 95 wt% of the total input sulfur in the feedstock coal. Most of the remaining sulfur is still present in the liquid synthetic crude oil. From the available data for this proposed plant, the output of elemental sulfur is calculated to be 0.0176 tons per product barrel. Since a high sulfur coal was used this represents a high sulfur production case as it is likely that direct liquefaction facilities will use high sulfur Eastern bituminous coals as feedstock. 

Canada Flyashes from high-sulfur bituminous coal two power plants 600 (electrostatic precipitator flyash) 551 (baghouse) Goodarzi (2006)... 

PRODUCTS FROM TYPICAL COMMERCIAL PLANT 33,500 T/SD-HIGH SULFUR BITUMINOUS COAL... 

The plant is sized to process 20,000 TPD of high sulfur bituminous coal and produce a nominal 50,000 BPD of liquid products including LPG and butanes. Approximately 30 million cubic feet of SNG would also be recovered along with minor amounts of sulfur and ammonia. 

The feed rate for powders injected into the economizer outlet for boilers firing high-sulfur oil (2% or greater S) and operating with low excess air is 165-621 lb MgO equivalent per 1000 barrels of oil. The feed rate for oil-based magnesia dispersions is 127 lb MgO equivalent per 1000 bbl of oil. Coal-fired boilers, using a high-sulfur bituminous coal, typically require... 

H/C = atomic hydrogen-to-carbon ratio V = vitrinite content of coal VM volatile matter St = total sulfur TRM = total reactive macerals The adequacies of these reactivity correlations, expressed as a percentage of the total variation in the data set explained by the model, were 80.0%, 79.2%, and 47.5% respectively. A later paper in the series (21) concentrated on the development of reactivity correlations for a set of 26 high volatile bituminous coals with high sulfur contents, and extended the models previously developed in include analyses of the liquefaction products and coal structural features. These structural features included the usual... 

Low sulfur fuel oils were prepared from a high volatile bituminous coal by hydrogenation under high temperatures and pressures. At a coal conversion of 80%, the ratio of oiU to-gas yields was about three, and 23% of the coal sulfur was contained in the oil. Sulfur content of the oil, however, remained the same at different coal conversion levels. The data obtained in the semi-continuous, dilute phase hydrogenation system showed that the whole oil can be directly used as a fuel oil where 1% sulfur is tolerated. Fuel oils containing 0,5 and 0,25% sulfur were produced by desulfurization of the whole oil, A preliminary economic evaluation indicated that low sulfur fuel oils can be produced from coal by hydrogenation at a manufacturing cost of about 5-6 per barrel. 

Coal/oil slurries were used in the instrument performance tests. The coal was finely ground Ohio 9, a high-ash highly volatile bituminous coal, the major constituents of which are 59 wt.% carbon, 4 wt.% hydrogen, 4 wt.% sulfur, and 24 wt.% ash. A sieve analysis disclosed that = 86% of the coal particles were of 63-125 om in diameter. The oil was a representative organic liquid used in the feedlines of some pilot coal conversion plants. Oil density at 20°C was 0.868 g/cm3. 

Major emphasis on eastern, medium- to high-volatile bituminous coal Typically 200 mesh (74 pm or finer) bimodal distributions are under study for CWMs Aiming for 15,000 Btu/lb, 0.9% sulfur, 4.0% ash... 

The solvent-refined coal (SRC-II) process is an advanced process developed by Gulf Mineral Resources Ltd. to produce a clean, nonpolluting liquid fuel from high sulfur bituminous... 

Two high-organic sulfur bituminous coals (IBC-107 and C-2) and one low organic sulfur bituminous coal (IBC-109) were selected as precursors to prepare the activated carbons. The IBC-107 and IBC-109 coals were obtained from Illinois Basin Coal Sample Program [30]. C-2 coal was directly mined from active Illinois coal basins. Samples were initially crushed to about 5 mm size particles and then pulverized (Holmes Model 500) and ground (Quaker City Model 4-E) to decrease the particle size to less than 1 mm. Samples were subsequently sieved with U.S. standard sieves (Tyler Standard Screen) to obtain -16 -i- 65 mesh (1.000-0.210 mm) samples. 

Cool Water began operation with low-sulfur steam coal from the Southern Utah Fuel Company (Sufco) mine, which produces high volatile C bituminous coal. However, the plant is designed to process high-sulfur bituminous steam coals, including Illinois No. 6 and Pittsburgh No. 8 coals. 

In addition, the plant successfully processed a unit train (about 11,000 tons) of the low-sulfur bituminous coal used at Cool Water (Sufco coal from southern Utah) in 1989. High-sulfur Illinois No. 6 and Pittsburgh No. 8 bituminous coals were also tested in 1991 (39). These high-sidfur coal tests were utilized for the design basis of the Wabash River Coal Gasification Repowering Project. 

The total capital investment is estimated at 850 million guilders (1989) which is about 425 million U.S. or equivalent to 1,700 per kW. The relatively hi capital cost reflects the first-of-a-kind innovative design and features for low emission and high efficiency. Shell has developed newer designs based on the G.E. 7F turbine with heat rates of less than 8,000 Btu/kWh (HHV) and capital cost of l,300/kWh (1991 dollars) (48). This is for the U.S. design basis, low-sulfur bituminous coal and U.S. Gulf Coast locations. 

Successful implementation of an opportunity fuel prc ram must accomplish technical, environmental, an or economic in rovements. These can be increases in boiler capacity or efficiency, either through the use of a high calorific value fuel (petroleum coke, TDF) or by the design of the system used to introduce the fuel into the boiler (e.g., separate injection of biomass into a PC boiler can overcome pulverizer limitations on capacity). There can be reductions in emissions of SO2, NO CO and hydrocarbons, and mercury and other trace metals associated with the use of opportunity fuels. TDF fired with medium sulfur bituminous coal can have a significant benefit with respect to SO2 emissions. In roperly used, however, opportunity fuels can increase certain emissions including opacity. 

Properties. A high volatile western Kentucky bituminous coal, the tar yield of which by Fischer assay was ca 16%, gave a tar yield of ca 26% at a pyrolysis temperature of 537°C (146—148). Tar yield peaked at ca 35% at 577°C and dropped off to 22% at 617°C. The char heating value is essentially equal to that of the starting coal, and the tar has a lower hydrogen content than other pyrolysis tars. The product char is not suitable for direct combustion because of its 2.6% sulfur content. 

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