High solid content streams

Table 12.3 Summary of AnMBR performance for treatment of high solid content streams... 

The most common variation to the API, ASTM, and IP methods for field use is the addition of demulsifier or knockout drops to facilitate the separation of the phases. The demulsifier is generally added at concentrations significantly above what would be normal operational levels. The disadvantages of this technique are that it does not separate the water and solids, and it is not useful for very high-water-content streams. Filling the centrifuge tube with a representative sample can also be difficult, especially with viscous emulsions. 

Reverse Osmosis (RO) Membranes A type of membrane system for treating oily wastewater is currently undergoing commercialization by Bend Research, Inc. The system uses a tube-side feed module that yields high fluxes while being able to handle high-solids-content waste streams (Ref 25). Another type of reverse osmosis technique is being designed to yield ultrapurified HF recovered from... 

In many surface separation processes, three distinct phases or process streams will occur a product stream (either oil or water), a waste (tailings) stream and an interface emulsion stream, which may contain emulsified oil and/or water. The interface emulsion (also termed cuff layer, pad layer or rag layer emulsion) can be the most troublesome, in terms of process operation, and the most complex and intractable, in terms of treatment. Such emulsions can have high solid contents and are frequently very viscous (see also mousse emulsions in Section 9.5). 

In the Takahax process the precipitated sulfur is very fine and not amenable to flotation. Therefore, when elemental sulfur recovery is desired, the sulfur recovery technique is based on continuous recirculation of a sulfur slurry of relatively high solids content and removal of sulfur from a slip stream in a filter press. 

Deposition of adamantane from petroleum streams is associated with phase transitions resulting from changes in temperature, pressure, and/or composition of reservoir fluid. Generally, these phase transitions result in a solid phase from a gas or a liquid petroleum fluid. Deposition problems are particularly cumbersome when the fluid stream is dry (i.e., low LPG content in the stream). Phase segregation of solids takes place when the fluid is cooled and/or depressurized. In a wet reservoir fluid (i.e., high LPG content in the stream) the diamondoids partition into the LPG-rich phase and the gas phase. Deposition of diamondoids from a wet reservoir fluid is not as problematic as in the case of dry streams [74, 75]. 

Waste streams with a high chlorine content require dilution before processing to limit corrosion of the vessel. Due to the 10% by weight solids limitation, there is an inherent large dilution ratio required for solid materials. No SGPV facilities are recommended in salt domes or in areas where the vessel will cross a seismic fault line. 

In countries where a strong environmental regulation for industrial wastewater exists, purification of waste streams from potato factories regarding both the fruit water and the pulp is required. Several attempts have been made to dehydrate the by-products and to utilize them for different purposes. Its high moisture content (80%) requires an expensive drying due to the problem of spoilage, if left untreated. The starch industry tries to sell as much pulp as possible as wet or partially dried cattle feed. However, the need for potato pulp by farmers is limited. Potato pulp is being used as cattle feed as well as a solid-state fermentation media for the production of different biomolecules. Conventional applications of potato pulp are listed in Table 16.2. 

The presence of complexing agents may entail further cleaning Fouling phenomena Backwash frequency can be quite high depends on solid content of waste stream... 

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