Solid limitation

Suspended Solids—Limit to 150 ppm if the solids are abrasive. Avoid film fill if solids are fibrous, greasy, fatty, or tarry. 

The second class of solid reactions involves situations where the solid does not disappear or appear but rather transforms from one solid phase into another as the reaction proceeds, as shown in Figure 9-6. For transformations of solids there are several models that may be appropriate, depending on the microstmcture of the reacting solid. Limiting cases of concentration profiles within the solid are (1) uniform reaction and (2) film formation. Concentration profiles within the solid for these situations are shown in Figure 9-7. 

Waste streams with a high chlorine content require dilution before processing to limit corrosion of the vessel. Due to the 10% by weight solids limitation, there is an inherent large dilution ratio required for solid materials. No SGPV facilities are recommended in salt domes or in areas where the vessel will cross a seismic fault line. 

Because of its high solubility as NpOJ, the U.S. program considers Np the most hazardous radionuclide for repository times beyond about 10 y (TSPA-95). The threat of Np releases may largely disappear, however, if Np(IV) solids limit Np solubility and the Eh of groundwaters at Yucca Mountain is reduced because of Fe(II) minerals in rock pores, and, or the steady-state release of Np(aq) from spent fuel is at or below 10 (Wilson and Bruton 1989). 

The temperature range for equilibria in PHRQPITZ is variable and is generally 0 -60 °C if AH/ is known. However, the NaCl system is valid to approximately 350 C. The temperature dependence of the solubility of many of the minerals in PHRQPITZ is not known and large errors could result if calculations are made at temperatures other than 25 for these solids. Limited temperature-dependent data for single salt parameters are included, but are probably not valid outside the interval 0 to 60 °C. 

Screw conveyor feeder from bottom of hopper capacity is very sensitive to screw flight clearances for moderately incompressible solids (whose FDI and BDI differ by < 5 %). Hopper discharge active flowrate of solids limited to about one screw diameter (if hopper discharge is > 1 screw diameter there is a potential for cohesive solids to bridge and free-flowing solids to cause overload of drive). 

Horizontal cone oscillating/torsional vibration discharge cone angle 13-18° cycles > 20 cydes/min. 300-500 rpm < 500 G. Diameter 0.5-1 m L/D = 0.5-1/1. Product 92% solids. Limited liquid handling capadty. Power 0.2 kW/Mg solids. 

When we talk about instrument reliability, it is important to understand whether it is related to the samples being analyzed, the lack of expertise of the person operating the instrument, an umeliable component, or an inherent weakness in the design of the instrument. For example, how does the instrument handle highly corrosive chemicals such as concentrated mineral acids Some sample introduction systems and interfaces will be more rugged than others and require less maintenance in this area. On the other hand, if the operator is not aware of the dissolved solids limitation... 

Low sensitivity, not great for solids, limited number of elements... 

All the other shapes can be carried out in portions, between suitable solid limits.. 35... 

Diffusion coefficients for porous media are generally referred to as effective diffusivities, since the actual molecular diffusion process occurs in the fluid phase and interactions with the porous medium inhibits the chemical movement. There are both physical and chemical factors that go into estimating effective diffusivities. The physical effects are twofold. First, some fraction of the porous media is solid, limiting the volume through which fluid phase diffusion can occur. This is quantified by the porosity, which is defined as the ratio of the volume of void space to the total volume. Second, the connectivity between pore spaces in soil and sediment grain packs (as well as other porous media) are circuitous and lengthen the distance a molecule must travel to traverse the material. This lengthening of the diffusion path is quantified... 

Reference Bradley, S. W., Bradley, W. L., and Puckett, P. M., On the Variation of Compliance Measurements in Polymeric Solids, Limitations of Test Methods for Plastics, ASTM STP1369, J. S. Peraro, Ed., American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, PA, 2000. 

Solids Strong attractive forces between the particles in a solid limit the movement of the particles to vibrations around fixed locations. Thus, solids have a definite shape and volume. 

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