Doped graphene

B. Mortazavi, S. Ahzi, Molecular dynamics study on the thermal conductivity and mechanical properties of boron doped graphene., Solid State Communications, vol. 152, pp. 1503-1507, 2012. 

Gierz I, Riedl C, Starke U, Ast CR, Kern K (2008) Atomic hole doping graphene. Nano Lett 8 4603-4607... 

Ma, X., Wang, Q., Chen, L.Q., et al. (1997). Semi-empirical studies on electronic structures of a boron-doped graphene layer - implications on the oxidation mechanism. Carbon, 35, 1517-25. 

Figure 17.5 Hypothetical hybrid graphene- based on the Lerf-Klinowski model, g-CN Is type material composed of regions ranging depicted as its tri-s-triazine-based allotrope. from g-CN to graphene, including B- and N- Defect holes are included in the structures of doped graphene and GeO. The GeO region is GeO and N-doped graphene.

Gao, Y. and Yuan, Z. 2011. Anisotropic low-energy plasmon excitations in doped graphene An ab initio study. Solid State Communications 151 1009-1013. 

Hwang, E. H., Adam, S. and Das Sarma, S. (2007),Transport in chemically doped graphene in the presence of adsorbed molecules. Physical Review B, 76,195421. Inone, H., Andersson, M., Ynasa, M., Kida, T, Lloyd Spetz, A. and Shimanoe, K. (2010), CO2 sensor combining a metal-insulator silicon carbide (MISiC) capacitor and a binary carbonate. Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters, 14(1), J4-7. Doi 10.1149/1.3512998... 

Prathish, K. P., Barsan, M. M., Geng, D., Sun, X., and Brett, C. M. A. [2013]. Chemically modified graphene and nitrogen-doped graphene Electrochemical characterization and sensing applications, Electrochim. Acta, 114, pp. 533-542. 

Y. Li, Y. Zhao, H. Cheng, Y. Hu, G. Shi, L. Dai, L. Qu, Nitrogen-Doped Graphene Quantum Dots with Oxygen-Rich Functional Groups. Journal of the American Chemical Society 2012,134,15-18. 

Figure 4.35 (a-c) Schematic description of preparation and optoelectronic transparent electrode utilization of N-doped reduced graphene film, (d) UV-Vis spectrum of the N-doped graphene film, (e) Sheet resistances of hydrazine-untreated and hydrazine-pretreated reduced graphene films as a function of the H /NH ratio during thermal reduction (reprinted from [179] with permission from American Chemical Society). 

Figure 5.15 (A) Charge-discharge voltage profiles for the N-doped graphene electrode, cycled at a rate of 5 pA/cm between 3.2 and 0.02 V vs Li/Li (B) Variation in discharge capacity vs cycle number for the pristine graphene and N-doped graphene, cycled at a rate of 5 pA/cm between 3.2 and 0.02 V vs Li/Li in 1 M solution of LiPF in 1 1 (v/v) mixture of ethylene carbonate and dimethyl carbonate as the electrolyte. Reproduced with permission from [245].

The high price and limited availability of precious metals make the search for alternative candidates for catal54ic processes vital. Beller and co-workers have developed a one-step method for the preparation of a-Fe203 nanoparticles with a coating of nitrogen-doped graphene as catalytic alternatives for the production of industrially important anilines. Importantly, these catalysts also display high chemoselectivity and have... 

Although some theoretical work was done on ORR pathways on N-doped graphene,the role of materials structures, including N distribution and defects played in ORR, still remained unclear. 

Qu L, Liu Y, Baek JB, Dai L. Nitrogen-doped graphene as efficient metal-free electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction in fuel cells. ACS Nano 2010 4 1321-6. 

Luo Z, Lim S, Tian Z, Shang J, Lai L, Brian MD, et al. Pyridinic N doped graphene synthesis, electronic structure, and electrocatalytic property. 

Shao Y, Zhang S, Engelhard MH, Li G, Shao G, Wang Y, et al. Nitrogen-doped graphene and its electrochemical applications. /Mater Chem 2010 20 7491-6. 

Lee KR, Lee KU, Lee JW, Ahn BT, Woo SI. Electrochemical oxygen reduction on nitrogen doped graphene sheets in acid media. Electrochem Common 2010 12 1052-5. 

Zhang L, Xia Z. Mechanisms of oxygen reduction reaction on nitrogen-doped graphene for fuel cells./Phys Chem C2011 115 11170—6. 

Kim H, Lee K, Woo SI, Jung Y. On the mechanism of enhanced oxygen reduction reaction in nitrogen-doped graphene nanoribbons. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011 13 17505-10. 

Yu L, Pan X, Cao X, Hu P, Bao X. Oxygen reduction reaction mechanism on nitrogen-doped graphene a density functional theory study. J Catal 2011 282 183-90. 

N-doped graphene was also studied as the ORR electrode material. Poly (diallyldimethylammonium chloride) PDDA, as nitrogen source, was introduced into a graphene material. It was observed that PDDA as a p-type dopant could cause the partial electron transfer from the electron-rich graphene substrate to the positively charged N+ centers of PDDA. Thus, carbon atoms in the graphene sheets with the adsorbed PDDA could create somewhat delocalized positive charges on the... 

Boron atoms, with a strong electron-withdrawing capability, are also doped into graphene frameworks forming boron-doped graphene. Due to its particular structure and unique electronic properties, the resultant B-doped graphene exhibits a Pt-like electrocatalytic activity toward ORR in alkaline electrolytes. ... 

Sheng Z, Gao H, Bao W, Wang F, Xia X. Synthesis of boron doped graphene for oxygen reduction reaction in fuel cells. J Mater Chem 2012 22 390-5. 

Lai L, Potts J, Zhan D, Wang L, Poh C, Tang C, et al. Exploration of the active center structure of nitrogen-doped graphene-based catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction. Energy Environ Sci 2012 5 7936-42. 

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