Hierarchically macro-mesoporous

Cell assemblies. As macroporous templates, these provide a facile bioinspired method for the synthesis of hierarchical macro-mesoporous titania with tunable macroporous morphology and enhanced photocatalytic activity [134]. This is also a simple and facile technique that can be used to prepare many types of metal oxide porous materials with good control over the pore size and morphology. 

Colloidal crystals. Combined with an amphiphilic triblock copolymer, for the synthesis of hierarchical macro-/mesoporous Ti-Si oxide photonic crystals (i-Ti-Si PC) with highly efficient photocatalytic activity [135]. 

Characterisation of new Pd / hierarchical macro-mesoporous ZrOa, Ti02 and Zr02-Ti02 catalysts for toluene total oxidation... 

Kobayashi, Y., Amatani, T., Nakanishi, K., Hirao, K., and Kodaira, T. (2004) Spontaneous formation of hierarchical macro mesoporous ethane-silica monolith. Chem. Mater., 16, 3652-3658. 

Figure 32.8 (a and b) SEM images of hierarchically macro-mesoporous ethane-silica... 

Figure 32.20 Schematic representation of light-transfer paths in nonporous Ti02 (a) and hierarchically macro/mesoporous Ti02 (b).

Wang, J. Sattayasamitsathit, S. Gu, Y Kaufmann, K. Polsky, R. Minteer, S. D. Tunable hierarchical macro/mesoporous gold microwires fabricated by dual-templating and dealloying processes. Nanoscale 2013, 5, 7849-7854. 

HMC is a very interesting porous carbon material with unique hierarchical macro/mesoporous spherical morphology. HMCs with various core sizes and/or shell thicknesses can be fabricated through the independent control of the core sizes and/or shell thicknesses of the SCMS silica templates [28,62,63], while the micro- and mesoporosity of the HMCs can be controlled to some extent by the source type and amount of carbon precursor incorporated into the SCMS silica template. HMC with different core shapes (non-spherical) have been synthesised through nanocasting techniques [61,64], A key factor for the s)mthesis of HMCs with diverse shapes and sizes lies in the fabrication of SCMS silica replica templates. 

The significant improvement in electrochemical performances of the HMC as an anode in the LIB, electrode material for the EC and cathode catalyst support for Pt in H2-fueled PEMFC are attributed to unique structural properties of the HMC. In particular, the 3D-interconnected nanostructure with hierarchical porosity, providing not only large specific surface area and high mesopore volume for high specific capacitance and homogeneous dispersion of nano-sized Pt and Pt-based alloy nanoparticles but also highly developed hierarchical macro/mesoporosity for fast mass transport. 

Because of the attractive physicochemical properties and potential applications in catalysis, biotechnology, adsorption, and separation, fabrication of hierarchically porous (macro/mesoporous) materials, especially for the three-dimensional ordered macro/ mesoporous (3DOM) materials, has been a focus in the research on materials science and engineering in recent years [99,199,200], By using close-packed arrays of monodisperse spheres, such as polystyrene (PS), poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), and silica as template, metals [201,202], metal oxides [203-208], metal chalcogenides [209], silica [204,210,211], carbon [212,213], polymers [214,215], and hydroxyapatite [216] with 3DOM structures have been generated. 

In general two fimctionahzation approaches are available either (1) direct functionalization of the macro- and mesopores during the hierarchical network formation or (2) postfimctionahzation of the porous material via the... 

These three different approaches are distinguished by the type of pore formers that are introduced in each case leaving particulates, molecules or functional groups in the former, self-organized entities (mainly micelle and lamellar structure formers) in the second approach, and a continuous polymeric phase in the latter approach. The three different approaches also yield, respectively, very different gel morphologies microporous or macroporous material mesoporous materials and hierarchical pore structures with macro- or mesoporosity as well as nanoscale pores within the same material domain. 

Three hierarchy levels of the channel structure of the mesoporous zeolite X nanosheet sample, 200 nm = macropores 7 nm = mesopores 0.74 nm = micropores possible flow paths in the hierarchical pore system are shown by the arrows on the right route (a) macro-meso-micro, route (b) macro-micro. Reprinted with permission from InayatA, Knoke I, Spiecker E, Schwieger W. Assemblies of mesoporous FAU-type zeolite nanosheets. Angew Chem Int Ed 2012 51 1962 1965. Copyright... 

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