Hibiscus extract

Tea drinks or iced teas are refreshing drinks containing soluble tea solids. Depending on tea extract quality, one can obtain turbid or clear products with a specific astringent tea flavour and red brownish colour. Flavours and colours alone are used for obtaining drinks with an authentic tea flavour and no caffeine to serve the children s market. In this area, fruit teas with bright red hibiscus extracts are also common. 

Studies in heaithy subjects found that gariic and hibiscus extracts did not affect the pharmacokinetics of single-dose paracetamol to a clinically relevant extent, although the clearance of paracetamol was increased by hibiscus extract. Similarly, single-dose studies in healthy subjects found that Kakkonto did not affect the pharmacokinetics of paracetamol, but animal studies found increased paracetamol levels. 

Changes in urinary excretion of diclofenac were observed in healthy volunteers pretreated with 300 ml of an aqueous hibiscus extract (containing 8.18 mg antho-cyanins) daily for 3 days. Urinary excretion was increased in some volunteers and decreased in others (Fakeye et al. 2007). 

The chemopreventive activity of hibiscus extracts has been extensively studied recently. The protective effect was demonstrated against human carcinomas, chemically induced toxicity,and hepatotoxici-jy 11,21-27 Antimutagenic activity has also been demonstrated both in vitro and in vivo The chemopreventive activity is attributed mainly to the antioxidant effect of the anthocyanins present in hibiscus extracts. Roselle decoction or infusion reportedly has hypotensive properties with no side effects. This effect has been investigated in more depth in experimental animals and in humans over the past decade and the results seem to support earlier studies especially in mild to moderate hypertension. Suggested mechanisms of action for the hypotensive activity include inhibition of Ca influx into vascular smooth muscle, NO-cGMP-relaxant pathway, and possible acetylcholine-and histamine-like vasorelaxation. ... 

Numerousherbai diureticsare available as over-the-counter (OTQ products. Most plants and herbal extracts available as OTCdiureticsare nontoxic. However, most are either ineffective or no more effective than caffeine. The following are selected herbals reported to possess diuretic activity cetery, chicory, sassafras juniper berries St. John s wort, foxglove, horsetail, licorice, dandelion, digital is purpurea, ephedra, hibiscus parsley, and elderberry. 

With the D S SCs containing Hibiscus surattensis extract, the best performances were probably obtained because of the large amount of dye adsorbed on Ti02 (lxl cm2 active surface) in comparison with the other extracts from tropical flowers. Incident photon to current conversion efficiency (IPCE) values of 76% were calculated (2 — 590 nm). Jsc was 5.45 mAcm-2, Voc = 392mV, FF — 54%, and efficiency = 1.14%. Also, the stability of the photovoltaic devices was the best in the case of Hibiscus surattensis, even though it needs to be improved to achieve real long-term stability, especially as far as the sealing quality is concerned. 

Anthocyanins are extracted commercially using either acidified water or alcohol. The extract is then vacuum evaporated to produce a commercial colour concentrate. The raw materials can be blackcurrants, hibiscus, elderberry, red cabbage or black grape skins. The most commonly used commercially are black grape skins, which can be obtained as a by-product. 

Phyllanthus virgatus, is rubbed around the ear for ear infections. Extract of different dried parts of the palm are taken orally for filari-asis. A water solution of the cmshed dried bark or husk and grated bark of Hibiscus tiliaceus is used externally to soak fractures and sprains. Crushed aerial root tips of Ficus prolixa are fried with coconut cream made of fresh endosperm, and the resulting oil is taken orally as a laxative in treating serious diseases " . 

Absorption spectra have also been used in the reexamination of pH-dependent color and structural transformations in aqueous solutions of some nonacylated anthocyanins and synthetic flavylium salts." ° In a recent study, the UV-Vis spectra of flower extracts of Hibiscus rosasinensis have been measured between 240 and 748 nm at pH values ranging from 1.1 to 13.0." Deconvolution of these spectra using the parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) model permitted the study of anthocyanin systems without isolation and purification of the individual species (Figure 2.21). The model allowed identification of seven anthocyanin equilibrium forms, namely the flavylium cation, carbinol, quinoidal base, and E- and Z-chalcone and their ionized forms, as well as their relative concentrations as a function of pH. The spectral profiles recovered were in agreement with previous models of equilibrium forms reported in literature, based on studies of pure pigments. 

Hibiscus (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) honey, when freshly extracted, is of a dull yellowish color, turbid, and possesses a very unpleasant flavor. 

Chang, Y.C., Huang, H.P, Hsu J.D., Yang, S.F., and Wang, C.J., Hibiscus anthocyanins rich extract-induced apoptotic cell death in human promyelocytic leukemia cells, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 205, 201-212, 2005. 

Anthocyanins (delphinidin 3-sambubioside and cyaniding 3-sambubioside) are the main contributors to TAC of petal extracts of roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.), accounting for 51 % of TAC of the extracts. About 24% of TAC was due to phenolic... 

Ambrette Seed Oil occurs as a clear yellow to amber liquid with the strong, musky odor of ambrettolide. It is a volatile oil obtained by steam distillation from the partially dried and crushed seeds of the plant Abeltnoschus moschatus Moench, syn. Hibiscus abeltnoschus L. (Fam. Malvaceae). It is refined by solvent extraction to remove fatty acids or by precipitation of the fatty acid salts. It is soluble in most fixed oils and in mineral oil, often with cloudiness, but relatively insoluble in glycerin and in propylene glycol. 

ASKARi, A., MiRZA, M. and soLANGi, M. s. p. Toxicological studies on herbal beverages and seed extracts of Hibiscus sabdariffa, L. Roselle. Pakistan Jour, of Scientific and Industrial Research, 1996, 39, 28-32. 

A study in 6 healthy subjects found that Zobo drink Hibiscus sabdariffa water extract), given 78 minutes before a single 1-g dose of paracetamol did not affect the absorption or AUC of paracetamol, but the total body clearance increased by 12%. This is not expected to be clinically significant. 

Kolawole lA, daduenyi A. Effect of Zobo drink (Hibiscus sabdariffa water extract) on the pharmacokinetics of acetaminc hen in human vohmteers. EurJ Drug Metab Pharmacokinet (200 29,25-9. 

An increase in the elimination rate of acetaminophen was observed in healthy volunteers orally administered 1 liter of sweetened aqueous extract of hibiscus (made from 30 g of hibiscus/liter) 1.5 hours prior to oral administration of acetaminophen (1000 mg). No changes in the maximum plasma concentration, time to maximum concentration, or area under the time-concentration curve were observed. The authors of the study indicated that acetaminophen should be taken at least 3 hours before the ingestion of hibiscus so that the therapeutic activity of acetaminophen will not be shortened (Kolawole and Maduenyi 2004). 

Intraperitoneal administration of 100, 200, or 400 mg/kg of an aqueous extract of hibiscus reduced the spontaneous motor activity and increased the duration of pentobarbital-induced sleeping time in mice (Amos et al. 2003). 

An aqueous extract of hibiscus dose-dependently inhibited the rate and amplitude of uterine contractions in rats after intra-arterial injection of 1,5,10,50, or 100 mg/kg. The uterine response to hibiscus was not affected by administration of either atropine or propranolol. At the 500 mg/kg dose, hibiscus produced a slight reduction of contraction amplitude in oxytocin-precontracted uteruses (Fouda et al. 2007). 

In rats provided with drinking water containing 0.6 or 1.8 g/100 ml of aqueous extract of hibiscus throughout pregnancy and through postnatal day 20, no adverse effects on early postnatal growth of offspring were observed (lyare and lyare 2008). 

In lactating rats provided with drinking water containing 0.6 or 1.8 g/100 ml of aqueous extract of hibiscus... 

---