Hibiscus anthocyanins

Chang, Y.C., Huang, H.P, Hsu J.D., Yang, S.F., and Wang, C.J., Hibiscus anthocyanins rich extract-induced apoptotic cell death in human promyelocytic leukemia cells, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 205, 201-212, 2005. 

Wang, C.J., Wang, J.M., Lin, W.L., Chu, C.Y., Chou, RP, and Tseng, T.H., Protective effect of Hibiscus anthocyanins against fert-butyl hydroperoxide-induced hepatic toxicity in rats. Food Chem. Toxicol., 38, 411 16, 2000. 

FIGURE 6.3.3 Fragment patterns of anthocyanins A, dephinidin 3-xyl-glc from Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) B, pelargonidin-3-(feruloyl-sophoroside)-5-(malonyl-glucose) from radish (Raphanus sativus). (Source Giusti, M.M. et ah, J. Agric. Food Chem., 47,4657, 1999.)... 

Anthocyanins are extracted commercially using either acidified water or alcohol. The extract is then vacuum evaporated to produce a commercial colour concentrate. The raw materials can be blackcurrants, hibiscus, elderberry, red cabbage or black grape skins. The most commonly used commercially are black grape skins, which can be obtained as a by-product. 

Absorption spectra have also been used in the reexamination of pH-dependent color and structural transformations in aqueous solutions of some nonacylated anthocyanins and synthetic flavylium salts." ° In a recent study, the UV-Vis spectra of flower extracts of Hibiscus rosasinensis have been measured between 240 and 748 nm at pH values ranging from 1.1 to 13.0." Deconvolution of these spectra using the parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) model permitted the study of anthocyanin systems without isolation and purification of the individual species (Figure 2.21). The model allowed identification of seven anthocyanin equilibrium forms, namely the flavylium cation, carbinol, quinoidal base, and E- and Z-chalcone and their ionized forms, as well as their relative concentrations as a function of pH. The spectral profiles recovered were in agreement with previous models of equilibrium forms reported in literature, based on studies of pure pigments. 

Levi, M.A.B. et al.. Three-way chemometric method study and UV-Vis absorbance for the study of simultaneous degradation of anthocyanins in flowers of the Hibiscus rosa-sinensys species, Talanta, 62, 299, 2004. 

Production of anthocyanins in plant cell and tissue cultures has been reported for more than 30 species including Daucus carota, Fragaria x ananassa, Vaccinium spp., Vitis hybrida, Solanum tuberosum, Malus sylvestris, Aralia cordata, Perilla frutescens, Ipomoea batatas. Euphorbia millii, Strobilanthes dyeriana. Hibiscus sabariffa, Dioscorea cirrhosa, etc. ... 

N.A. Mucilage, citric, malic, tartaric acids, hibiscus acid, thiamine, gossypetin, anthocyanin, myristic acid, palmitic acid.100,107 Soothing effect on mucous membranes that line the respiratory and digestive tracts. Seeds used for cramps, flowers as an astrigent. 

Anthocyanins (delphinidin 3-sambubioside and cyaniding 3-sambubioside) are the main contributors to TAC of petal extracts of roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.), accounting for 51 % of TAC of the extracts. About 24% of TAC was due to phenolic... 

Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. -pampola Against insomnia Flowers (infusion) Caboclos [56] Phenolic acids [339] fatty acid methyl esters [340,341] anthocyanins J342] Against oxidative damage [355,356] hypoglycemic activity [357,358]... 

A number of anthocyanins are used as food additives (Harbome and Grayer, 1988 Strack and Wray, 1989 Tim-berlake and Henry, 1988). Anthocyanins also are important in that they control the marketability and taste properties of many commercial products. The sale price of many fruits and vegetables is dependent on full color development. Some major commercial sources of these natural pigments are grapes (Vitis vinifera), roselle (Hibiscus sabdarijfa), blueberries (Vaccinium spp.), and red cabbage (Timberlake and Henry, 1988). 

Abstract Photoelectrochemical solar cells comprising a colloidal Ti02 photoelectrode and sensitized with anthocyanin pigments, delphinidin purple and cyanidin 3,5-diglucose extracted from Hibiscus sabdariffa and Ribes nigra plants, respectively, have been fabricated. A sunlight-to-electricity conversion efficiency of 3.16% under simulated solar light was obtained with the cell sensitized with the delphinidin purple dye. 

The garcinic acid isomer, (lS,21 )-l,2-dihydroxypropane-l,2,3-tricarboxylic acid, also known as hibiscus acid (8-67), is located in the spicy leaves of hibiscus called roseUe (Hibiscus sabdarijfa, Malvaceae), which is prepared like spinach in the tropics. Its fleshy flower calyces, containing intense staining anthocyanine pigments. 

The chemopreventive activity of hibiscus extracts has been extensively studied recently. The protective effect was demonstrated against human carcinomas, chemically induced toxicity,and hepatotoxici-jy 11,21-27 Antimutagenic activity has also been demonstrated both in vitro and in vivo The chemopreventive activity is attributed mainly to the antioxidant effect of the anthocyanins present in hibiscus extracts. Roselle decoction or infusion reportedly has hypotensive properties with no side effects. This effect has been investigated in more depth in experimental animals and in humans over the past decade and the results seem to support earlier studies especially in mild to moderate hypertension. Suggested mechanisms of action for the hypotensive activity include inhibition of Ca influx into vascular smooth muscle, NO-cGMP-relaxant pathway, and possible acetylcholine-and histamine-like vasorelaxation. ... 

Marfo PH, Poppi RJ, Scarminio IS, Tauler R. Investigation of the pH effect and UV radiation on kinetic degradation of anthocyanin mixtures extracted from Hibiscus acetosella. 

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