Heparin 1622 INDEX

The chemical structure was deduced to involve mainly (1 —> 4)-linked 2-deoxy-2-(sulfoamino)-a-D-glucose 6-sulfate and (1 —> 4)-linked 2-sulfated a-L-idopyranosyluronic acid residues. The X-ray patterns from sodium salts of hog-mucosal heparin index with a triclinic unit-cell, having a = 1.30 nm, b = 1.02 nm, c = 1.65 nm, a = 104°, /3 = 96°, and y = 116°, containing one chain. The macromo-lecular heparin from rat skin, at 84% relative humidity (r.h.), gives a pattern consistent with a highly oriented version of the hog-mucosal heparin. On lowering the r.h. to 76%, the repeat distance along the fiber axis increases to 1.73 nm, with meridional reflections on the even layer-lines. 

Although LMWHs are proving to be as effective as and safer than heparin for various indications, it is important to realize that the differences in the manufacture of various LMWHs lead to differences in their pharmacological profile. Although these differences have not been clinically validated, each of the LMWHs is expected to exhibit its own therapeutic index in a... 

The patterns from the calcium salts of heparin are different from those from the sodium salt form. The layer-line spacing is 1.68 nm, with meridional reflections on even layer-lines. The unit cell is orthorhombic. The same pattern also occurs in the calcium salt of heparin sulfate,23 which indexes with an orthorhombic unit cell having a = 1.70 nm, b = 1.27 nm, and c = 1.68 nm. 

Use of suboptimal doses of drugs in serious disease, sacrificing efficacy for avoidance of serious adverse effects, has been documented. It particularly affects drugs of low therapeutic index (see Index), i.e. where the effective and toxic dose ranges are close, or even overlap, e.g. heparin, anticancer drugs, aminoglycoside antimicrobials. In these cases dose adjustment to obtain maximum benefit with minimum risk requires both knowledge and attentiveness. 

Nessi et al. (Nl) succeeded in rupturing the PMN membrane by adding heparin to the cell suspension. The oxygen consumption, which was measured by a photometric method, could be stimulated by the addition of ADP. An oxygen curve in stage 3, an acceptor control index, and an oxidative phosphorylation quotient with different substrates were obtained according to the scheme of Chance and Williams (Cl). 

Heparin causes a reduction in mitotic index and a decrease in tumour volume for Ehrlich ascites tumours in mice . Polyethylene sulphonates having molecular weights between 15,000 and 35,000, also have antineo-plastic activity in mice against ascites tumours, carcinomas and leukaemias . Heparin has been found to reduce markedly the number of pulmonary metastases in rats receiving intravenous Walker 256 carcinoma cells . Evans blue in the presence of a sulphated pectin entered tumour cells but not normal tissue cells s. The anti-immunochemical action of heparin has been used successfully for tumour heterografts Ass. 

Poor therapeutic index (toxic at therapeutic dose). Fever/chills, nephrotoxicity (reduce risk by hydrating patient), nausea, headache, thrombophlebitis (add heparin to reduce risk), anemia, hepatotoxicity, cardiotoxicity. 

Documented effects In experiments on animals, the total saponins isolated from the roots and the preparation Zongorozid caused a significant decrease in arterial pressure, increased resistance to hypoxia, and had sedative effects. In experiments with dogs, the preparation Zongorozid increased the sodium in erythrocytes and reduced potassium in blood plasma as well as in erythrocytes. A one time dose of the preparation has blood coagulating effects but multiple applications, over 5-7 days, have better effects. The effects include an increase in tolerance to heparin, reduction of prothrombin time and fibrinolytic activity, increase in fibrinogen content (up to 45 %), and an iuCTease of the adhesion index with an increase in blood coagulation potential (Alimbaeva et al. 1986). 

Fluorescence monitoring provides a high degree of sensitivity and sometimes additional selectivity. Binding of a fluoresceinyl-labelled heparin to albumin was investigated by the fluorescence measurement (ref. 53). The refactive index detector is suited to the... 

The test is a whole blood assay and uses fluorescence-labelled latex particles which are added to the heparinized whole blood sample. The PMN phagocytize the opsonised latex particles and the PMNL, having ingested fluorescent beads, are separated in a cell sorter and the size and fluorescence of the PMNL are determined. The mean fluorescence is equal to the number of latex particles ingested per cell. The phagocytosis index and percentage are calculated from the proportion of cells which underwent phagocytosis and that of the control. 

To cite a few examples, anticoagulants must nearly always be added to the blood sample. There are various anticoagulants, for example, heparin, citrates, or EDTA. Best quality of RNA and DNA samples may be obtained from citrate-stabilized blood, but it may lead to a higher yield of lymphocytes for culture. On the contrary, heparin-stabilized blood could influence T-cell proliferation, and moreover heparin binds to many proteins and may therefore compromise proteomic studies. EDTA is suitable for both DNA assays and proteomics, but it affects Mg" " concentration causing problems for cytogenetic analyses (e.g., decreases mitotic index). 

While pure collagen provided a dry layer thickness of about 80 run, significantly thinner layers in the range between 14 and 32 nm (for fixed, pre-set refractive index values) were measured if heparin or hyaluronic acid were added to fibril-forming solutions (Table 3). The quantification of surface-bound proteins confirmed the results of the elUpsometric measurements noticeable lower collagen amoimts were quantified if fibril formation and immobilization was performed in the presence of glycosaminoglycans. The quantification was supported by surface topographic analysis of the attached fibrillar components (Fig. 7). 

Tables Deposition of collagen-glycosaminoglycan conjugates on poly(octadecen-a/f-maleic anhydride)-coated substrates. Fibrillogenesis and immobilization of fibrillar collagen (1.2 mg/ml) was performed for 2 h at 37 ° C in the presence of heparin and hyaluronic acid (0.4, 1.2 and 5.0 mg/ml, respectively). Thickness of the layers was determined ellip-sometrically using the refractive index of 1.6035 for the dried collagen layer. The collagen amount was determined by amino acid-based HPLC analysis after acidic hydrolysis of surface-bound collagen...

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