Histamine releasing factor

HRA Histamine-releasing activity HRAN Neutrophil-derived histamine-releasing activity HRf Homologous-restriction factor HRF Histamine-releasing factor HRP Horseradish peroxidase HSA Human serum albumin HSP Heat-shock protein HS-PG Heparan sulphate protet ycan... 

Unfortunately in our laboratories (46) and in other s (47), the use of chopped lung tissues has appeared excessively laborious, not always reliable and extremely insensitive (48). We subsequently devised a simple, sensitive and reliable bioassay procedure using pig platelets for the assessment of histamine releasing factors in cotton mill dust (46). 

Histamine Release. Histamine release is mainly caused by cross-linking of immunoglobulin E on the mast cell surface by antigens. Basophil degranulation is caused mainly by histamine-releasing factors produced by inflammatory cells, such as neutrophils, platelets, and eosinophils. After its release, histamine diffuses rapidly into the blood stream and surrounding tissues. 

Alam, R. and Grant, J. A. (1995) The chemokines and the histamine releasing factors modulation of function of basophils, mast cells and eosinophils, in Human Basophils and Mast Cells Biological Aspects (Marone, G ed.), Karger, Basel, pp. 148-160. 

Kim, S. H., Cairns, N., Fountouiakisc, M., Lubec, G. (2001a). Decreased brain histamine-releasing factor protein in patients with Down syndrome and Alzheimer s disease. Neurosci. Lett. 300, 41-44. 

MacDonald, S.M. (1996). Histamine-releasing factors. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 8 778-83. 

Broide, D.H., Smith. C.M. and Wasserman, S.I. (1990). Mast cells and pulmonary fibrosis. Identification of a histamine releasing factor in bronchoalveolar lavage. J. Immunol. 145, 1838-1844. 

We do not yet know from these studies whether purported functions for MCP-1 as a lymphocyte chemoattractant and as a histamine releasing factor extend in vivo. This may be more a limitation of the overexpression technique rather than a lack of bioefficacy in vivo. 

Alam, R., Lett-Brown, M. A., Forsythe, P. A., Anderson-Walters, D. J., Kenamore, C., Kormos, C., and Grant, J. A. (1992b). Monocyte chemotactic and activating factor is a potent histamine-releasing factor for basophils. J. Clin. Invest. 89, 723-728. 

FIGURE 3. Histamine (HIS) release early in inflammation is mediated by activated neutrophils and promotes vasopermeability and T helper cell activation while inhibiting neutrophil activation. Later in inflammation, macrophages accumulate stimulating T helper cells thereby promoting acquired immunity. Histamine releasing factor (HRF) from T helper cells increases histamine levels which function to suppress immunoresponsiveness. 

Histamine releasing factor (HRF) is one of the many immune system protein molecules called cytokines, which trigger allergic reactions. Unlike other cytokines, HRF stimulates basophils to release histamine (MacDonald, 1996). 

Sampson HA, Broadbent KR, Bernhisel-Broadbent J. Spontaneous release of histamine from basophils and histamine-releasing factor in patients with atopic dermatitis and food hypersensitivity. N Engl J Med 1989 321(4) 228-232. 

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