Hemolysis influences

Biologic effects of non-excited fullerenes C60, that are revealed at the concentration range lower than 10 4 M, are mostly positive, but depend on the type of cells and the way of modification of fullerene C60 (Yamakoshi et al., 1994). As we have shown earlier, upon the presence of 10 6 M fullerenes C60 in incubation medium, resistance of erythrocytes to hemolysis is not altered, whilst at the concentration of 10 5 M fullerenes C60 the hemolysis rate is accelerated. Hemolytic effect was not revealed if fullerene C. at the concentration of 10 5 M was introduced to the con-tent of aminopropylaerosyl (i.e., upon the presence of fullerene C60-composite-l). Cytotoxic influence was not found if thymocytes and EAC cells were incubated with fullerenes C60 (10 5 M) or fullerene C60-containing composites for 24 h (Piylutska et al., 2006). That is why the study of the influence of irradiation on biologic activity of fullerenes C60 was carried out at their concentration of 10 5 M. 

Figure 12. Influence of PVA immobilized onto nanosilica A-300 on RBC hemolysis as a function of PVA amount (last point corresponds to pure PVA solution without silica).

The hematopoietic system is affected by both short- and long-term arsenic exposure. Arsenic is known to cause a wide variety of hematological abnormalities like anemia, absolute neutropenia, leucopenia, thrombocytopenia, and relative eosinophilia - more common than absolute esino-philia, basophilic stippling, increased bone marrow vascularity, and rouleau formation (Rezuke et al, 1991). These effects may be due to a direct hemolytic or cytotoxic effect on the blood cells and a suppression of erythropoiesis. The mechanism of hemolysis involves depletion of intracellular GSH, resulting in the oxidation of hemoglobin (Saha et al, 1999). Arsenic exposure is also known to influence the activity of several enzymes of heme biosynthesis. Arsenic produces a decrease in ferrochelatase, and decrease in COPRO-OX and increase in hepatic 5-aminolevulinic acid synthetase activity (Woods and Southern, 1989). Subchronic... 

Pele JP, Calvert R. 1983. Hemolysis by chrysotile asbestos fibers. I. Influence of the sialic acid content in human, rat, and sheep red blood cell membranes. J Toxicol Environ Health 12 827-840. 

Van Vlierbergh H, Delanghe JR, De Vos M, Leroux-Roel G. BASE Steering Committee. Factors influencing ribavirin-induced hemolysis. J Hepatol 2001 34(6) 911-16. 

To investigate the influence of quantity and position of sulfate groups in carbohydrate moieties, we have studied kinetic parameters of hemolysis and loss from erythocytes of another series of triterpene glycosides and their derivatives from sea cucumbers in the order Dendrochirotida [34]. 

These results showed that sulfate groups, attached to different positions of the carbohydrate chain differently influence on the hemolytic activity and loss. A sulfate group, attached to C-4 of the first xylose of branched pentaosides having 3-O-methyl group in terminal monosaccharide unit, increases the activity by kinetic parameters of hemolysis and by loss rate. Similar results were obtained by us for glycosides from Eupentacta fraudatrix [33]. 

When the mean bias is considered, one should distinguish between specific (systematic) sample-related interference (e.g., the influence of hemolysis on a photometric assay) in which a clear concentration dependent effect is present and general nonspecificity of the assay. The former can be handled appropriately, either by systematic corrections or by setting limits for allowed degrees of hemolysis. ... 

Thus Hp depletion is usually the most sensitive laboratory indicator of hemolysis, followed by hemopexin depletion and finally by the presence of methemalbmninemia, hemoglobinuria, or both. However, Hp levels are influenced by several other factors, as discussed later. It is recommended that Hp always be assayed in association with AAG (oroso-mucoid), because the other factors— with the exception of protein-losing syndromes—influence the levels of both proteins in parallel (Table 20-7, Figure 20-5). If a patient has a normal Hp level but high AAG level, the possibility of hemolysis plus either corticosteroid therapy or an APR must be considered. 

HK deficiency (OMIM 235700) is a rare, recessively inherited disease with chronic nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia as the predominant clinical feature. The phenotypic expression of the disease is heterogeneous, as with most glycolytic red cell enzyme deficiencies. The spectrum ranges between severe neonatal hemolysis and death to a fully compensated chronic hemolytic anemia. Patients benefit in general from a splenectomy. Red cell morphology is normal. Since HK activity is dependent on red cell age, reticulocytosis, always present in HK-deficient patients, may obscure enzyme deficiency. Other age-dependent red cell enzymes (e.g., pyruvate kinase and/or G6PD) should be measured simultaneously as an internal control to assess the influence of reticulocyte enzyme activity. 

Jiang M-S, Fletcher JE, Smith LA. 1989. Factors influencing the hemolysis of human erythrocytes by cardiotoxins from naja naja kaiuthia and naja naja atra venoms and a phopholipase A2 with cardiotoxin-like activities from bungarus fasciatus venom. Toxicol 27(2) 247-257. 

Several physiologic roles for CS have been postulated. First, it has been suggested that the presence of CS in erythrocytes (about 700 fig of CS are present in 100 ml erythrocytes [125]) stabilizes the erythrocyte membrane [130]. Thus, CS was found to reduce hemolysis up to 56% in hypotonic solutions, whereas several other steroid sulfates and cholesterol conjugates were devoid of antihemolytic activity [125]. Furthermore, the presence of CS had a critical influence on the disc shape of erythrocytes in hypotonic solution without CS, erythrocytes tended to become spherical and extend spicules [131]. A second postulated role of CS relates to spermatozoa. It has been suggested that CS stabilizes the membranes of these cells and that it may provide a structural trigger for capacitation [132,133]. Thus, CS is present in spermatozoa (15 fig/lO cells) as well as in seminal plasma, and appears to be concentrated in the acrosomal region [132]. On the other hand, sterol sulfatase activity is present in the human female reproductive tract [133]. There is no direct evidence, however, that CS contributes to the sperm membrane modification reactions that occur in association with fertilization. 

Jandl JH, Kaplan ME. The destruction of red cells by antibodies in man. HI. Quantitative factors influencing the pattern of hemolysis in vivo. J Clin Invest 1960 39 1145-1156. 

Seven hydroxycoumarins were further tested at a single concentration (5.0x1 O 4 M) for their ability to influence Cl and C3 functional activities after preincubation with undiluted NHS. 7-Methylesculin (11) had a good effect on reducing total, Cl, and C3 hemolysis via both pathways. Scoparone (6) strongly inhibited C3 alternative activity but in the case of the classical pathway only the total hemolysis was diminished without influence on Cl and C3. Esculin (1) slightly increased C3 classical activity but caused exhaustion of alternative C3 activity. 

Kempson and Dousa 1986). Severe depletion of phosphate may lead to altered erythrocytic metaholism and hemolysis, and dietary phosphate intake also has a major influence on the level of circulating phosphate. 

Fischer D, et al. (2003). In vitro cytotoxicity testing of polycations influence of polymer structure on cell viability and hemolysis. Biomat. 24 1121-1131. 

The SG effect is not restricted to poly(2-oxazoline)s since it was shown by Gellman and coworkers that the N- and C-terminals of nylon-3 random copolymers strongly influenced the bioactivity of these polymers with regard to selectivity and hemolysis.Additional investigations were performed by Griesser and coworkers, who studied the impact of end groups on the hemolysis and antimicrobial activity of antimicrobial polymethacrylates. 

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