Heavy Metal Uptake

High ion exchangers hke zeohte P, Na-Pl, 4A, X, KM, Chabazite, Herschelite and Faujasite with high CEC values up to 500 meq./lOO g and good sorption potential, have been found to be quite useful for decontamination of sludge, industrial effluents and other waste water by removal of their heavy metals like Pb , Cd ,  

Cu and Zn. Their application for removing heavy metals and ammonia from the sludge is well established [4, 7, 8]. 

It has been reported that the equilibrium data can be found to lit well in the Langmuir model of sorption [9, 10]. The rate constants have been derived by the relationship shown in Eq. (7.1). 

The exchange process in zeolite is governed by two mechanisms namely mass transfer of the sorbate for exchange on the surface of zeolite and diffusion within the pores of the zeohtes for exchange with the mobile ion corresponding to the lower and higher concentrations of the zeolite dose, respectively. Waste water and flue gas treatment can be performed by application of zeohtes A, Y and a blend of zeolites 4A-X. The sludge and/or waste water which has initial pH ( 6.5-7.6) and different concentrations of arsenic (As), ammonia (NH4 ) and copper (Cu), can be treated by apphcation of proper zeohte dose (g/1). The removal efficiency of the zeolites for these ions is depicted in Fig. 7.2a, b [9, 11]. 

Shih and Chang [12] have studied the process of conversion of fly ash into zeohtes suitable for ion-exchange apphcations for waste water treatment and 

---

Verma, K.V., George, H.V., Singh, S.K., Singh, A., Juwarkar, A., and Singh, R.N., Modeling rhizofiltration Heavy-metal uptake by plant roots, Environmental Modeling and Assessment, 11, 387-394, 2006. 

Rudd, T., Sterritt, R.M., and Lester, J.N., Mass balance of heavy metal uptake by encapsulated cultures of Klebsiella aerogenes, Microb Ecol, 9 (3), 261-272, 1983. 

The statistical estimation of heavy metal concentrations in the Spruce Forest ecosystems of the Boreal climatic zone is the subject of wide variation, with coefficient of variation from 36 to 330%. However, we can note the clear trend in biogeochemical peculiarities and relevant exposure to heavy metal uptakes by dominant plant species. 

Pulford I. D., Riddel-Black D., and Stewart C., 2002, Heavy metal uptake by wiUow clones from sewage sludge-treated soil The potential for phytoremediation. Int. J. Phytorem. 4 59-72. 

Cheng, M. H., Patterson, J. W. Minear, R. A. (1975). Heavy metals uptake by activated sludge, journal Water Pollution Control Federation, 47, 362-76. 

Sieghardt, H. (1990). Heavy-metal uptake and distribution in Silene vulgaris and Minuartia vema growing on mining-dump material containing lead and zinc. Plant andSoil, 123, 107-11. 

Pedersen, A., Studies on phenol content and heavy metal uptake in fucoids, Hydrobiology, 116/117, 498, 1984. 

Petruzzelli G, Lubrano L, Cervelli S. 1987. Heavy metal uptake by wheat seedlings grown in fly ash-amended soils. Water Air Soil Pollut 32 389-395. 

The finely divided powder (200 300 mp) used in the above study is difficult to separate from purified water in large scale and is not suitable for column applications. This work describes a novel formulation of this powder into a solid workable into various forms effective for heavy metal uptake. 

Crist R. H., Martin J. R. and Crist D. R. Heavy metal uptake by lignin comparison of biotic ligand models with an ion exchange process, Environ. Sci. Technol. 36 (2002) pp. 1485-1490. 

Hsu C. L. (1978) Heavy metal uptake by soils surrounding a fly ash pond. MS Thesis, University of Notre Dame. 

A primary human health concern associated with mine wastes, tailings, and smelting byproducts produced during the extraction of metals from metallic mineral deposits has been the incidental ingestion exposure, and resulting heavy metal uptake, especially for small children who play on waste piles, tailings, slag heaps, or... 

Lodewyckx, C., Taghavi, S., Mergeay, M., Vangronsveld, J., Clijsters, H., and van der Lelie, D. (2001). The effect of recombinant heavy metal resistant endophytic bacteria in heavy metal uptake by their host plant. Int. J. Phytoremediat. 3, 173-187. 

McGrath, S. P., Shen, Z. G., and Zhao, F. J. (1997). Heavy metal uptake and chemical changes in the rhizosphere of Thlaspi caerulescens and Thlaspi ochroleucum grown in contaminated soils. Plant Soil 188, 153-159. 

Heavy Metal Uptake of Cyperus Esculentus and of Agronomic Plants Grown on Contaminated Dutch Sediments. Misc. Paper D-83-1. Vicks-burg/MS. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Waterways Experiment Station. ... 

Analysis without destruction of the object (in plant monitoring) - the application of laser micro-analysis allows analytical information to be obtained without destruction of the whole object of investigation. For example, while monitoring of heavy metal uptake, translocation and accumulation in higher plants by analyzing tiny parts from the root and leaf system. 

For similar reasons as mentioned in denitrification, immobilized microorganisms would have advantages over suspended cultures in containing accumulated metals. In some cases, as it will be shown below, heavy metal uptake and some other microbiological functions, such as denitrification, can be performed in one operation, using the same fixed-bed bloreactor. 

Heavy metal uptake is primarily based on the ability of microbial surfaces to complex with metal cations. The negatively charged sugar units of polysaccharide chains, extending from the microbial cell wall, may complex with metal cations. 

Heavy metal uptake by plants in relation to soil metal concentration has been studied in two ways from the point of view of the soil or from the point of view of the plant. Soil scientists have tried to find an extraction medium that mimics the plant-available fraction of metals in the soil. Various extractants have been tested and compared with plant uptake of a specific metals, mostly without success (e.g. Ross, 1994). It may never be possible to accurately characterize the plant-available fraction of a metal, since many plants appear to regulate metal... 

Tonin, C., Vandenkoornhuyse, R, loner, E.J., Straczek, J., Leyval, C., 2001. Assessment of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi diversity in the rhizosphere of Viola calaminaria and effect of these fungi on heavy metal uptake by clover. Mycorrhiza 10, 161-168. 

Weissenhom, 1., Leyval, C., Belgy, G., Berthelin, J., 1995. Arbuscular mycorrhizal contribution to heavy metal uptake by maize ( Zea mays L.) in pot culture with contaminated soil. Mycorrhiza 5, 245-251. 

Heavy Metal Uptake by Plants and Cyanobacteria Hendrik Kiipper and Peter M. H. Kroneck... 

Babel, S. and Kumiawan, T.A. 2003. Low-cost adsorbents for heavy metals uptake from contaminated water A review. J. Hazard. Mater. B 97 219-243. 

Sweden - danger of heavy metal uptake in drinking water from copper/lead piping. USA -bio-accumulation of mercury/cadmium... 

Kabata-Pendias A (1979) Effect of lime and peat on heavy metal uptake by plants from soils contaminated by an emission of copper smelter. Rocz Glebozn, 30/3 323-328 Kabata-Pendias A, Bolibrzuch E, Tarlowski P (1981a) Impact of a copper smelter on agricultural environment. Part 1 Contamination of soils. Rocz Glebozn 32/3 207-214 (in Polish)... 

Negm, N. A. and Ali, H. E. (2010). Modification of heavy metal uptake efficiency by modified chitosan/anionic surfactant systems. Eng. Life Sci. 10(3), 218-224. 

Ayoub GM, Semerjian L, Acra A, El Fadel M, Koopman B (2001) Heavy metal removal by coagulation with seawater hquid bittern. J Environ Eng 127(3) 196-207 Babel S, Kumiawan TA (2003) Low-cost adsorbents for heavy metals uptake from contaminated water a review. 1 Hazard Mater 97(l-3) 219-243 Bablon G (1991) Practical application of ozone principles and case studies. Ozone in water treatment application and engineering. AWWARF Bailey SE, Ohn TJ, Biicka RM, Adrian DD (1999) A review of potentially low-cost sorbents for heavy metals. Water Res 33(ll) 2469-2479... 

---