HEAT method

The various heating methods produce a vapor that is a mixture of gas, very small droplets, and small particles of solid matter (particulates). Before droplets or particulates can coalesce, the whole vapor is swept into the plasma flame for analysis. Clearly, the closer the heating source is... 

Both batch and continuous furnaces maybe employed. The maximum temperature that can be reached in a sintering furnace depends on the furnace and the heating methods (Table 7) (23). 

Table 7. Heating Methods and Element Material Temperature Limits ...

Air distribution methods Exhaust methods Heating methods Cooling methods... 

It the main reason for the stratification strategy is contaminant control in [he occupied zone, the same strategy should be applied in winter conditions, too. Thus, the selected hearing method has to fulfill two requirements to siip-pttrt the creation of the vertical stratification and not to create disturbing airflows into the hall. In this case one option would be the floor heating method see Fig. 8.16c. Additionally, one should consider the prevention of boundary layer flows along the outer walls using, for example, passive methods. -... 

A amimon heating method in industry is using blowers that blow heated air into the room. See Fig. 8.57, An advantage is that the installation costs are low. A possible disadvantage is that it mixes the air in the room, which may not be desirable in combination with displacement ventilation. 

Duiser, J. A. 1989. Warmteuitstraling (Radiation of heat). Method for the calculation of the physical effects of the escape of dangerous materials (liquids and gases). Report of the Committee for the Prevention of Disasters, Ministry of Social Affairs, The Netherlands, 2nd Edition. 

A modern version of the oven heating method is the Mytron FAB-1 moisture tester, in use at Waltham Abbey, Sussex, Engl, for detg moisture... 

The one-pot, three-component synthesis of a 20-membered dihydrotri-azine hbrary was also dramatically accelerated through the use of microwave irradiation [79]. Heating a subset of substituted anilines, cyanoguanidine and acetone in the presence of concentrated hydrochloric acid for 35 min at 90 °C in a single-mode microwave reactor gave the corresponding 2,2-dimethyl-1,2-dihydro-s-triazine hydrochloride 51 in comparable yield to conventional conductive heating methods but in a much shorter reaction time and increased purity (Scheme 21). 

To evaporate the source material, various heating methods are used such as resistance heating, electron beam, pulsed excimer laser, or cathodic arc (where the source is the cathode). 

The production of fatty acid-capped silver nanoparticles by a heating method has been reported [115]. Heating of the silver salts of fatty acids (tetradecanoic, stearic, and oleic) under a nitrogen atmosphere at 250°C resulted in the formation of 5-20-nm-diameter silver particles. Monolayers of the capped particles were spread from toluene and transferred onto TEM grids. An ordered two-dimensional array of particles was observed. The oleic acid-capped particle arrays had some void regions not present for the other two fatty acids. 

Ethylene oxide treatment can also be considered as an alternative to radiation sterilizahon in the commercial production of disposable medical devices (Chapter 21). These techniques do not, however, offer the same degree of sterility assuranee as heat methods and are generally reserved for temperature-sensihve items. 

We have also included R.F. (radio-frequency) current as a heating element, although it is only a heating method when employed with a suitable succeptor. Finally, one other method is listed for the sake of completeness, that of the oxy-hydrogen flame. It generates combustion products (H2O) but the RF- method can be used in any atmosphere... 

In the laser flash method, the heat is put in by laser flash instead of electric current in the stepwise heating method mentioned above. Thus this method may be classified as a stepwise heating method. A two-layered laser flash method was developed by Tada et al. " The experimental method and the data analysis, including a case involving radiative heat flow, are described in detail in the review article by Waseda and Ohta. A thin metal plate is placed at the surface of a melt. A laser pulse is irradiated onto a metal plate of thickness / having high thermal conductivity. The sample liquid under the metal plate and the inert gas above the plate are designated as the third and first layers, respectively. The temperature of the second layer becomes uniform in a short time" and the response thereafter is expressed by... 

Heat extraction from the bedrock by a heat pump system is an environmental friendly heating method where 70% of the heat is taken from the ground. This... 

Bartzanas T., Tchamitchian M., Kittas C. (2005). Influence of the heating method on greenhouse microclimate and energy consumption. Biosystems Engineering, 91(4), 487-499. 

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