Methods for Heating

Many chemical plants need properly dried, calcined or preheated input (raw) materials before feeding into the reactors and process units for production of chemicals. It is necessary to carefully consider the various issues for heating arrangements for a chemical plant from safety, convenience, and cost points of 

---

Nour-Omid, B., 1987. Lanezos method for heat conduction analysis. Int. J. Numer. Methods Eng. 24, 251-262. 

Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke Release Ratesfor Materials and Products, ASTM E906-83, ASTM, Philadelphia, Pa., 1983 (updated periodically). 

Basic Thermal Design Methods for Heat Exchangers... 

Heaters. The preferred methods for heating are a double-jacket heated tank, nonmetaUic heat exchangers, quartz heaters, or Teflon-coated low watt density stainless steel heaters. Localized overheating must be avoided. 

Constant volume heat capacities for Hquid organic compounds were estimated with a four parameter fit (219). A 1.3% average absolute error for 31 selected species was reported. A group contribution method for heat capacities of pure soHds andHquids based on elemental composition has also been provided (159). 

Two standard estimation methods for heat of reaction and CART are Chetah 7.2 and NASA CET 89. Chetah Version 7.2 is a computer program capable of predicting both thermochemical properties and certain reactive chemical hazards of pure chemicals, mixtures or reactions. Available from ASTM, Chetah 7.2 uses Benson s method of group additivity to estimate ideal gas heat of formation and heat of decomposition. NASA CET 89 is a computer program that calculates the adiabatic decomposition temperature (maximum attainable temperature in a chemical system) and the equilibrium decomposition products formed at that temperature. It is capable of calculating CART values for any combination of materials, including reactants, products, solvents, etc. Melhem and Shanley (1997) describe the use of CART values in thermal hazard analysis. 

In the pickling process, use countercurrent flow of rinse water use indirect methods for heating and pickling baths. 

Linhoff, B. and Hindmarsh, E., 1983. The pinch design method for heat exchanger networks. Chemical Engineering Science, 38, 745. 

Most condensation polymers have negligible heats of reaction. See Table 13.2. Heat must be supplied to evaporate by-products such as water or ethylene glycol. An external heat exchanger is the best method for heating large reactors. Flashing the recycle stream as it enters the vessel also aids in devolatilization. 

Taborek, J. (1974) Design methods for heat transfer equipment a critical survey of the state of the art, in Afgan, N. and Schlunder, E. V. (eds), Heat Exchangers Design and Theory Source Book (McGraw-Hill). 

The simulation of heat transfer in a PCM in simple geometry as well as in a whole storage as described above can be done with many mathematical and engineering software tools like MathCad and EES. Better results can be achieved with commercial CFC solutions like FLUENT that only require very basic knowledge on numerical methods for heat transfer. 

Zhu XX, O Neill BK, Roach JR and Wood RM (1995) New Method for Heat Exchanger Network Synthesis Using Area Targeting Procedures, Comp Chem Eng, 19 197. 

ASTM Annual Book of Standards. Standard test method for heat and visible smoke release rates for materials and products. Test Method E 906-83. American Society for Testing and Materials Philadelphia, PA, 1985. 

Thermal design methods, for heat exchangers, 13 248-263 Thermal design parameters, effect of uncertainties in, 13 257-258 Thermal desorption... 

As the alternative, a phenomenological description of turbulent mixing gives good results for many situations. An apparent diffusivity is defined so that a diffusion-type equation may be used, and the magnitude of this parameter is then found from experiment. The dispersion models lend themselves to relatively simple mathematical formulations, analogous to the classical methods for heat conduction and diffusion. 

ASTM D 3417-83, Standard Test Method for Heats of Fusion and Crystallization of Polymers by Thermal Analysis, 1983. 

Follow steps 2 through 5 in the section about stopper bioburden method for heat shocking, cooling, shaking, and sonicating samples (one container containing 20 small vials 20 half-filled vials). 

Xiao, J.-C, Adam, A., Ruck, P., and Kaiserling, E. 1996. A comparison of methods for heat-mediated antigen retrieval for immunoelectron microscopy Demonstration of cytokeratin no. 18 in normal and neoplastic hepatocytes. Biotech. Histochem. 77 278-285. 

B.A. Davis, P.J. Gramann, J.C. Maetzig, and T.A. Osswald. The dual-reciprocity method for heat transfer in polymer processing. Engineering Analysis withBoundary Elements, 13 249-261, 1994. 

O.A. Estrada, I.D. Lopez-Gomez, C. Roldan, M. del P. Noriega, W.F. Florez, and T.A. Osswald. Numerical simulation of non-isothermal flow of non-newtonian incompressible fluids, considering viscous dissipation and inertia effects, using radial basis function interpolation. Numerical Methods for Heat and Fluid Flow, 2005. 

ASTM E 1354 Standard Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke Release Rates for Materials and Products Using an Oxygen Consumption Calorimeter. Annual Book of Standards, Vol. 04.07, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA. 

ASTM D 5537 Standard Test Method for Heat Release, Flame Spread, Smoke Obscuration, and Mass Loss Testing of Insulating Materials Contained in Electrical or Optical Fiber Cables When Burning in a Vertical Cable Tray Configuration... 

ASTM E 1354 Test Method For Heat And Visible Smoke Release Rates For Materials And Products Using An Oxygen Consumption Calorimeter, West Conshohocken, PA 2008. 

---