Heating/cooling methods

Previous workers studying fluid inclusions in saddle dolomite used mainly standard microthermometric heating-cooling methods. They reported Th values and, less commonly, salinity estimates and major cation ratios. More sophisticated techniques, such as direct analysis of the major cations. 

A series of bis-aUcoxy aryl trihydroxyborate salts (Figure 1.42, 66) formed gels in benzene when prepared by conventional (heating/cooling) methods [124]. However, this approach was unreliable due to the instability of the LMOG upon heating, leading to proto-deboronation. However, ultrasonication for 5 min allowed gel... 

This chapter describes the room air conditioning process, including the interaction of different flow elements room air distribution, heating and cooling methods, process sources, and disturbances. Air handling equipment, including toom air heaters, is discussed in the form of black boxes as far as possible. 

TABLE 8.7 Examples of Room Air Distributions, Exhausts, and Heating and Cooling Methods... 

Air distribution methods Exhaust methods Heating methods Cooling methods... 

However, the use of other room air distribution methods together with certain exhaust, heating, and cooling methods will also lead (intentionally or unintentionally) to the application of the mixing air conditioning strategy. Some examples are shown in Fig. 8.15. 

The pretreated metalwork to be coated is heated in an oven to a temperature of between 260 and 360°C, depending on the metal thicknesses and the coating to be applied. It is then withdrawn from the oven and dipped into the fluidised powder. Here the fine powder particles are blown onto the hot metal where they melt. After a few seconds (5-lOs is normal), the item is removed from the powder and the unfused outer particles are allowed to fuse. Then either the item is allowed to air cool or it is water quenched. The cooling method can affect crystal structure and hence surface finish and... 

Figure 5 Ohm plots and the development of Joule heating of the same buffer system using different cooling methods.

This chapter deals mainly with (multi)hyphenated techniques comprising wet sample preparation steps (e.g. SFE, SPE) and/or separation techniques (GC, SFC, HPLC, SEC, TLC, CE). Other hyphenated techniques involve thermal-spectroscopic and gas or heat extraction methods (TG, TD, HS, Py, LD, etc.). Also, spectroscopic couplings (e.g. LIBS-LIF) are of interest. Hyphenation of UV spectroscopy and mass spectrometry forms the family of laser mass-spectrometric (LAMS) methods, such as REMPI-ToFMS and MALDI-ToFMS. In REMPI-ToFMS the connecting element between UV spectroscopy and mass spectrometry is laser-induced REMPI ionisation. An intermediate state of the molecule of interest is selectively excited by absorption of a laser photon (the wavelength of a tuneable laser is set in resonance with the transition). The excited molecules are subsequently ionised by absorption of an additional laser photon. Therefore the ionisation selectivity is introduced by the resonance absorption of the first photon, i.e. by UV spectroscopy. However, conventional UV spectra of polyatomic molecules exhibit relatively broad and continuous spectral features, allowing only a medium selectivity. Supersonic jet cooling of the sample molecules (to 5-50 K) reduces the line width of their... 

Fig. I. Methods for forming metal vapors, (a) Evaporation from a resistance-heated, alumina-coated Mo or W spiral. This is a method suitable for Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Pd, Ag, Au and other metals that do not attack alumina, (b) Evaporation from a resistance-heated Ta or W boat. This method is useful for V, Cr, and some lanthanides, (c) Sublimation from a resistance-heated free-hanging loop of wire, e.g., Ti, Mo, or W. (d) Evaporation from a cooled hearth using laser or electron bombardment heating. This method may be used with all metals.

The temperature controller consists of a simple electrical resistance if only heating is required. Otherwise a heating/cooling jacket, or a heat exchanger inside the cell is used (see Fig. 9.10-2). This is the most widespread method, as the metallic thermal inertia is very high, and does not permit a suitable temperature-control in the other cases. 

The temperature of the liquid can be controlled with a hot water bath or any other heating or cooling method... 

A variation of the method utilizes a laser as the heat source.52,53 This nonequilibrium technique involves fast growth and rapid heating/cooling rates (100 000 K s-1) in the reaction zone. Ochoa et al. (chapter 27), provide a synopsis of the laser pyrolysis method and describe an Fe3C product used for catalysis. 

In radical polymerization, particularly in the large-scale production of poly(methyl methacrylate), the monomer may boil hence the process should be carried out with continuous removal of reaction heat to eliminate overheating in the reactive volume. In this case, the choice of cooling method needs careful consideration.1 2... 

This extra water vapor in the air makes it harder for humans to utilize their natural evaporative cooling method sweat. Flumans sweat in the intense heat of a sauna, but the sweat cannot evaporate easily because the air is already filled with water vapor. As a result, the human body loses its ability to regulate its own body temperature. This explains why sitting in a sauna can feel extremely warm even when temperatures are not that high. 

In the fast cooling method, two different samples were heated and cooled very rapidly. The first was B2 (same composition in powder lamination method) the second was B4, obtained from B2 by sintering in an A1N BN powder bed. The surface of B2 was ground until 70% P-SiAlON was obtained before fast cooling treatment. Then, the specimens were inserted in a furnace with high-speed cooling. They were heated to 1600°C at a rate of 15°C/min and cooled rapidly by immediate removal from the furnace. 

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