Heating methods steam

Design Methods for Indirect-Heat Rotary Steam-Tube Dryers... 

The basic idea of using TCR in a gas turbine is usually to extract more heat from the turbine exhaust gases rather than to reduce substantially the irreversibility of combustion through chemical recuperation of the fuel. One method of TCR involves an overall reaction between the fuel, say methane (CH4), and water vapour, usually produced in a heat recovery steam generator. The heat absorbed in the total process effectively increases... 

The inherent heterogeneity of the material leads to variations in the responses of wood to thermal modification. The rate of transfer of heat into the interior of the wood is of paramount importance in order to ensure that there is a constant temperature throughout the sample. The thermal conductivity of dry wood is low and the heating method employed must ensure that the treatment is as even as possible. Heat transfer into the interior may be improved by the use of steam-heating. Heat transfer is a very significant factor in the treatment of timber of larger dimensions. 

Sterilization can be accomplished by several means, including heat, chemicals, radiation (ultraviolet (UV) or y-ray), and microfiltration. Heat is widely used for the sterilization of media and fermentation equipment, while microfiltration, using polymeric microporous membranes, can be performed to sterilize the air and media that might contain heat-sensitive components. Among the various heating methods, moist heat (i.e., steam) is highly effective and very economical for performing the sterilization of fermentation set-ups. 

Thermoset molding compounds, when contained within a hardened steel mold, require heat and pressure to be polymerized into a solid mass. Molds may be heated by steam, electricity, or hot oil to temperatures of 280° to 425°F, depending entirely on the type of material and method of molding. Molding pressures may vary from a low of 50 p.s.i. to 15,000 p.s.i. Epoxy materials will mold at 50 p.s.i. whereas, phenolic fabric-filled material may require excessive pressures. Again, the method of molding dictates molding pressures. 

UHT milk differs from pasteurized milk mainly in the heat treatment employed for sterilization. Usually UHT milk is heated at 130° to 150°C for 2 to 8 seconds and is then aseptically packaged. In the final heating stage, steam is injected directly into the milk, or the milk is infused into a steam chamber, followed by flash evaporation to remove added water (steam). An alternative procedure, the indirect method, involves heating milk across a stainless steel barrier, using high-pressure steam as the heating medium (Mehta 1980). 

Method of heating external steam external external external internal external external... 

Design techniques for gas-phase adsorption range from empirical to theoretical. Methods have been developed for equilibrium, for mass transfer, and for combined dynamic performance. Approaches are available for the regeneration methods of heating, purging, steaming, and pressure swing. Several broad reviews have been published on analytical equations... 

Methods for Rejecting Waste Heat from Steam-Electric Power Plants (Including Natural and Mechanical Draft Evaporative Cooling Towers, and Dry Cooling Towers)... 

The gasification method consists of mixing coal with a mixture of two parts of the Eschka mixture (i.e., 67% w/w light calcined magnesium oxide and 33% w/w anhydrous sodium carbonate), six parts of soda lime, and one part of molybdenum oxide. The sample is then placed in a porcelain boat, covered with platinum gauze, and heated (in a quartz tube) to 200 to 250°C (392 to 482°F). The sample is then heated in steam at 850 to 950°C (1562 to 1742°F). The gases pass into 0.1 N sulfuric acid, where ammonia is chemically absorbed as ammonium sulfate and then determined by one of the usual techniques. 

In order to decrease the nitrogen oxide (NO ) content in the flue gas, two methods can be applied. The first method is the injection of water into the gas turbine combustor. The second method is to selectively reduce the nitrogen oxide content by injecting ammonia gas in the presence of de-NOx catalyst that is packed in a proper position of the heat recovery steam generator. The latter is more effective than the former to lower nitrogen oxide emissions into the air. 

There are six ways to heat materials in the lab open flame, steam, thermal radiation, electromagnetic bombardment (microwave ovens) passive electrical resistance (such as hot air guns), and direct electrical resistance (such as hot plates). All of these heating methods (except thermal radiation) use conduction to heat the container holding the material to make the material hot. 

Another method consists in melting TNT in tilting kettles (converters) heated by steam or hot water which are then left at rest at room temperature or slightly higher (e.g. 30°C) for slow crystallization. Under such conditions large crystals of TNT are formed immersed in an oily mixture of other nitro compounds. The latter is removed by breaking the solidified substance and inclining the kettle so as to enable the oil to run out. 

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