HEALTH SAFETY ASPECTS

Safety notices are provided by manufacturers. These normally state the hazardous components of the adhesive system and what action should be taken if they come into contact with eyes and skin, or are ingested. Many adhesives, and most solvents, produce hazardous vapours, so processing must be carried out with adequate ventilation. More recent developments show a marked trend towards low-vapour, water-based formulations to reduce these problems. As well as the chemical hazards, dust and debris generated during any abrasion process must be controlled. Regulations governing work-place exposure levels for the various hazards, along with Health and Safety boards and company recommendations on work-place practices, must be observed. 

Adhesives are widely available and used in the home as well as the work-place. Although these tend to be less hazardous formulations, care must be taken to follow correctly the instructions provided on the containers and any accompanying notices. Storage in cool, dry conditions is normally recommended. 

In addition to precautions taken against the degradation of adhesive products, it must now be recommended that all such substances should be locked away from children because of the recognised problems of solvent-abuse. 

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Meij, R. van den Berg, J. 2001. Coal Fly Ash Management in Europe Trends, Regulations and Health Safety Aspects. Keynote Address, 2001 International Ash Utilization Symposium, 20-24 October 2001, Lexington, KY. 

For upscaling of zeolite synthesis, two issues are of key importance [193], viz. the reactor vessel and aU EHS (environmental, health, safety) aspects. Reaction over-run has to be avoided, as illustrated by the phase sequence in MFI synthesis ... 

Bouwmeester, H., Dekkers, S., Noordam, M. Y, Hagens, W. 1., Bulder, A. S., and de Heer, C. Review of health safety aspects of nanotechnologies in food production. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol, 53, 52-62 (2009). 

Specifications, Standards, Quality Control and Health and Safety Aspects. The OSB industry is represented by the APA—The... 

Health and Safety Aspects. The U.S. EPA has significantly reduced the aHowed levels of antimony compounds in drinking water causing a toxicity cloud over the viabHity of this class of stabilizers. Presently, antimony products are no longer aHowed for use as potable water pipe stabilizers pending completion of NSE International s review (28). Eor these reasons, the future of this stabilizer technology appears limited. 

Health nd Safety Factors. Thionyl chloride is a reactive acid chloride which can cause severe bums to the skin and eyes and acute respiratory tract injury upon vapor inhalation. The hydrolysis products, ie, hydrogen chloride and sulfur dioxide, are beheved to be the primary irritants. Depending on the extent of inhalation exposure, symptoms can range from coughing to pulmonary edema (182). The LC q (rat, inhalation) is 500 ppm (1 h), the DOT label is Corrosive, Poison, and the OSHA PEL is 1 ppm (183). The safety aspects of lithium batteries (qv) containing thionyl chloride have been reviewed (184,185). 

The following discussion on health and safety aspects of titanium compounds is concerned only with the behavior of the titanium present in inorganic compounds and not with the effects of the compounds themselves. For example, titanium tetrachloride must be treated with care because of the effects of the hydrochloric acid and heat produced when it reacts with water, not because of the possible toxicity of titanium. Apart from very few exceptions, the inorganic compounds of titanium are generally regarded as having low toxicity. Because of the ubiquitous nature of the element and its compounds, average concentrations of titanium in blood have been determined at 130—160 Fg/L (182—184), with a typical value of 10 Fg/L in urine (185). 

Additional information on health and safety aspects should be sought by consulting material safety data sheets available from suppHers of the chemical in question. In addition, most suppHers of bleaching chemicals, upon request, provide on-site training sessions by experts on the safe use and handling of their products. 

Responsible Care (139), a program initiated by the CMA in 1988, is designed to make day-by-day improvements in all aspects of health, safety, and the environment. 

National Joint Health and Safety Committee for Water Service, Safety Aspects of Storage, Handling and Use of Chlorine and Sulfur Dioxide, London. April 1982. 

Employees will need job-specific training, which includes the health and safety aspects of the Job. 

Koller, G. (2000) Identification and Assessment of Relevant Environmental, Health and Safety Aspects during Early Phases of Process Development. Technische Wissenschaften Eth Zurich, Zurich. 

Whether voluntarily or not, as companies phase out chemicals of concern, they are subsequently faced with the challenging task of finding alternative chemicals or processes to serve the same desired functions. Simply because a chemical is not a known hazard does not make it benign. To avoid going from the frying pan to the fire so to speak, it is necessary to assess and compare alternatives. In this section we describe several tools and approaches for assessing the human and environmental health and safety aspects of chemicals. They include ... 

Delineation of these three zones should be based on sampling and monitoring results and on an evaluation of the potential routes and amount of contaminant dispersion in the event of a release. Movement of personnel and equipment among these zones should be minimized and restricted to specific access control points to prevent cross-contamination from contaminated areas to clean areas. A decision for evaluating health and safety aspects of decontamination methods is presented in Figure 16.22.105... 

The chemical and physical compatibility of decontamination solutions or other decontamination materials must be determined before use. Any decontamination method that permeates, degrades, damages, or otherwise impairs the functioning of the personal protective equipment (PPE) is incompatible with such PPE and should not be used. If a decontamination method does pose a direct health hazard, measures must be taken to protect both decontamination personnel and the workers being decontaminated. Figure 16.22 presents a decision aid for the evaluation of health and safety aspects of decontamination methods. 

FIGURE 16.22 Decision aid for evaluating health and safety aspects of decontamination. 

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