HDL detergents

Since emulslflable concentrate formulations are oil-based and HDL detergents are noted for oil-removing ability, this formulation-detergent combination may have provided for more complete removal. 

TABLE 66 HDL Detergent with Excellent Dye Transfer Inhibition... 

Sodium sulfate Ufablend HDL detergent polymer, acid cleaners... 

Because of its superior solubility characteristics, a high 2-phenyl LAS (with an alkyl chain length average of 11.4) was the preferred type. The detergency performance of one LAS/AE type of formulation was discussed previously (see Figs. 12 and 13). Early commercial heavy-duty liquid (HDL) formulations were built with phosphate, but since 1979 almost all U.S. HDLs have been formulated without phosphate. 

The delipidated serum lipoprotein proteins exhibit solubility differences in aqueous media. The polypeptides of HDL and the D polypeptides of VLDL are readily soluble in aqueous media, particularly in slightly alkaline low-ionic strength buffers (S28, S30). In contrast, the LDL protein does not dissolve in such buffers and, like many other water-insoluble proteins, requires denaturing agents, detergents, or suitable chemical modification. The many techniques for the solubilization of apo LDL have been reviewed recently (G15). A thorough assessment of such techniques is not possible since not all the solubilized products have been characterized. The choice of the method presently depends on the investigator s preference and experimental needs. 

More detailed studies on detergency of SAE of single carbon no. chain ranging from C q to C 5 were made by Matson(j)). From his studies, it can be said that an optimum choice of SAE in non-built HDL should be in the range Cio-14 w t 1 0 - 64% EO (7 - 9E0). ... 

A synthetic polymer together with a polyanion to block the non-HDL lipoproteins is used in a third homogeneous assay (Daiichi Pure Chemicals Co., Tokyo /Genzyme Corp., Cambridge, A detergent is then added that... 

In a fifth method (International Reagents Corp., Kokusai-Kobe, Japan), its first reagent contains the detergent cal-ixarene that converts LDL to a soluble complex. Cholesterol esters of HDL-C and VLDL-C are preferentially hydrolyzed by a cholesterol esterase (chromobacterium), cholesterol oxidase, and hydrazine, which divert the accessible cholesterol to cholestenone hydrazone. A second reagent with deoxycholate brealcs up the LDL-calixarene complex, allowing LDL-C to react with the esterase, a dehydrogenase, and P-NAD to yield cholestenone and fi-NADH, the latter measured by a spectrophotometer. 

How does cholesterol leave the cell Since most cells do not secrete cholesterol esters (the known exceptions are hepatocytes and intestinal epithelial cells), free cholesterol must take its way to the outer bilayer of the cell membrane, where it may be removed by appropriate acceptors. It is likely that a net loss from the cell membrane involves movement of cholesterol from an area in the membrane with a high cholesterol-phospholipid ratio to an area with a lower ratio in the acceptor. The appropriate acceptors for cholesterol removal include any phospholipid bilayer system that contains little or no free cholesterol [125]. In vivo this is intact or nascent HDL [126,127]. Nascent HDL is a disc of phospholipid surrounded on its hydro-phobic perimeter by detergent-like apoproteins, such as the arginine-rich apoprotein and the HDL apoproteins, apo AI and apo All [128]. It is secreted from the liver and probably from the intestine (Chapter 5) into the plasma. Cholesterol enters nascent or intact HDL, and the lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) reaction converts it to cholesterol ester [129,130] (Chapter 4). Since the ester is insoluble in the phospholipid bilayer it oils out into the centre of the particle. In this way. nascent discs are converted to spheres, and space for a new substrate, cholesterol, is created at the surface of the particle. Lipoproteins in lymph may also produce. similar effects on the cell surfaces exposed to this fluid. 

Several methods are known for the reconstitution of HDL-like complexes from pure components (i) spontaneous formation of HDL discs from dimyristoylphosphatidyl-choline liposomes (ii) detergent-mediated reconstitution of HDL discs with various PL and (iii) co-sonication of apolipoproteins and lipids to form either discoidal or spherical HDL analogs [19]. 

Pluronic LI 21 detergent, latex paints Nonoxynol-1 Nonoxynol-3 Nonoxynol-5 Nonoxynol-13 Nonoxynd-38, Nonoxynol-48, Nonoxynol-58, Surfonic HDL-1 Surfonic L610-3 Surfonic LF-17 Surfonic N-10 Surfonic N-31.5 ... 

The composition [2], properties [168,169], and environmental behavior [170] of bleach-containing powder and liquid detergent formulations have already been reviewed in detail in other parts of this series. In this chapter, we will therefore concentrate mainly on the optimum use of bleaching systems in heavy-duty powder detergents (HDPDs) and heavy-duty liquids (HDLs) formulation... 

The use of volume-effective preformed peracids should be facilitated by the current trend toward more compact formulations. Stability problems in alkaline compositions and economic reasons, however, still prevent more widespread use. The only peracid of commercial importance is PAP. In mid-2007, a color detergent powder containing PAP was introduced in Switzerland, claiming the color-safe properties of the peracid. The future of PAP is currently seen in liquid applications, especially when dual-chamber bottles are used. A PAP-containing HDL was intensively test-marketed some years ago in North America, and a similar concept has been used successfully in a Swiss liquid detergent since 2006. 

Anhydrous HDL formulations are characterized by high concentrations of active ingredients, which allow lower quantities to be dosed. To formulate these product forms, solid detergent... 

HDLs are generally clear, isotropic, homogenous, and thermodynamically stable. These products have only one well-defined, desired state. There are some exceptions to this. Some liquid products and detergents have moved to structured or heterogeneous formulations. These span a wide range of manifestations such as products with dispersed miaocrystals to products with suspended particles. For these products, the quality of the product can vary as a result of the process history. Typically, these products are made on the same processes as conventional detergents. Therefore, the rest of this discussion focuses on the production of isotropic products and only touches on the further complications with these other products as appropriate. 

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