Hazards of coal mining

Dong Shu-ning HU Wei-yue. 2007. The types of water hazards of coal mines in China and their control factors. Coal Geology and Exploration, (5) 34-37. (in Chinese). 

Second, in the case of chemical plants, it is often possible to eliminate hazards at source by careful design of the system. The safety case approach stresses this idea of getting it right in the first place and is therefore particularly appropriate. In contrast, the hazards of coal mining are not man-made and are not as easily eliminated. The emphasis must therefore be on the ongoing management of these hazards, for which the trigger event model is particularly appropriate. 

Labor Research Department. (1989). The hazards of coal mining. London Labor Research I -partmertt Publication/ RAP Ltd. 

Yu Bufan 2000. Prevention of Coal-mine Gas Hazards and Utilization Manual. Beijing Coal Industry Press (in Chinese). 

The related theory about extenics is founded by the Chinese scholars Cai wen to solve the problem of subjective and objective contradictions in 1983 (Cai, 1983), it bases on the matter-element theory and extension set theory and does research on the influence degree of the described problems about quantity and quality , so as to completely know the system features (Guo et al., 2009). Due to the complexity production conditions of underground working face, there are a variety of factors that affect gas emission, how to quickly and accurately judge the reasons that why the gas emission is abnormal is an important task of gas early-warning, the extension theory can calculate the abnormal gas emission level by using the normalized correlation function. Under the condition of correct identification of gas hazard in coal mine. 

Guo Hai. 2012. Research on Identifying and Early Warning Technology of Coal Mine Gas and Fire Hazards. Doctoral dissertation, China University of Mining and Technology(Bei Jing), Bei Jing. 

Mine fire is one of the largest hazards in coal mine, which not only makes coal mine suffer tremendous losses in physical material, but also is the main cause of miners casualty (Xian et al. 2001). The spontaneous combustion of coal is one of main reasons to mine fire. According to statistics, the mines with spontaneous combustion tendency account for 51.3% of state owned key coal mines in China. There are poisonous material such as CO, COj and dust in the course of coal spontaneous combustion, and so on. The statistical results show that over 95% victims died from above poisonous smoke and gas in mine fire (Jukka et al. 1999). 

Wang, J.M. Dong, S.N., etc. 2005. The principal of early warning for groundwater hazards in coal mine and its application. Coal Geology Exploration 33(Supp) 1-4. 

The regulation of coal mine health and safety provides what would appear to be an ideal model. The Joint Coal Board, through its workers compensation insurance company, is focussed on reducing compensation costs. This approach can be expected to have some impact on routine lost-time injuries. On the other hand, the coal mines inspectorate s job is to protect workers from serious hazards, regardless of whether these hazards represent a significant cost to the industry. This institutional division of labour is in the best interests of all concerned. 

Occurrence. Carbon monoxide is a product of incomplete combustion and is not likely to result where a flame bums in an abundant air supply, yet may result when a flame touches a cooler surface than the ignition temperature of the gas. Gas or coal heaters in the home and gas space heaters in industry have been frequent sources of carbon monoxide poisoning when not provided with effective vents. Gas heaters, though properly adjusted when installed, may become hazardous sources of carbon monoxide if maintained improperly. Automobile exhaust gas is perhaps the most familiar source of carbon monoxide exposure. The manufacture and use of synthesis gas, calcium carbide manufacture, distillation of coal or wood, combustion operations, heat treatment of metals, fire fighting, mining, and cigarette smoking represent additional sources of carbon monoxide exposure (105—107). 

It will, therefore, be seen that the best and safest practice is to use in each situation in the coal mine an explosive which is best adapted for the operation in hand. The use of unnecessarily weak explosives, even though apparently safer in some tests, is often a disadvantage and can be dangerous. These considerations have led to the development of a series of types of explosives suited for particular purposes in coal mines and subjected to tests relevant to their individual uses. Thus, in Britain there are now five classes of permitted explosives. In Germany there are three classes. In the U.S.A. geological conditions are different and the hazards are less than in Europe, and it has been possible to work throughout with the strongest types of permissible explosives. 

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