Remedial technologies hazardous wastes remediation

Chitosan is a polymer with metal-binding properties that is derived from naturally occurring chitin. Research has been conducted on the potential use of chitosan in hazardous waste remediation. While chitosan does bind transition metals, it favors iron, a nonhazardous metal, which competes and interferes with chitosan s binding of toxic metals. Copper also tends to be highly bound, while the amount of cadmium and lead removed is lower. The technology is still undergoing testing and is not yet commercially available. 

The electrolytic displacement of the chlorines of polychlorobiphenyl molecules (PCBs) has been demonstrated as effective technology for hazardous waste remediation,8 for example... 

Freeman HM, Harris EF (eds.) (1995) Hazardous Waste Remediation, Innovative Treatment Technologies, Technomic Publishing, Lancaster, Chap. 24 229-240. 

Parker, RA. (1992). Research and development projects in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency s Superfnnd Innovative Technology Evaluation (SITE) Program and their impact on hazardous waste remediation. In Environmental Geotechnology (eds. MA Usmen, YB Acar). Rotterdam Balkema, pp. 559-562. 

Freeman, Harry M. and Eugene F. Harris, Eds., Hazardous Waste Remediation Innovative Treatment Technologies, Technomic Publishing Co., Lancaster, PA,... 

The EPA initiated this program to promote and evaluate newly developed techniques that had not been fully demonstrated. The goal of this effort was to find new ways to remediate uncontrolled hazardous waste sites. The technologies accepted for field-scale evaluation represented a wide array of innovative methods, from thermal treatment and bioremediation to soil washing, solvent extraction, and in situ stripping. 

Scientific Ecology Group, 1995. Demonstration of Ground Freezing Technology at SEG Facilities in Oak Ridge, TN, Report to Martin Marietta Systems Inc. Hazardous Waste Remedial Actions Program. 

This section provides an overview of the engineering technologies and applications that are currently applicable to the study and remediation of releases of hazardous wastes and constituents from RCRA (Resource Conservation and Recovery Act) facilities and those sites which parallel Superfund sites. Activities which would be termed removal actions or expedited response actions under CERCLA (Comprehensive Environmental Recovery-Cleanup and Liability Act) are also covered in this section. Information presented in this section represent excerpts from document EPA/625/4-89/020 (September 1989). 

Hatch, J. and E. Hayes. "State-of-the-Art Remedial Action Technologies Used for the Sydney Mine Waste Disposal Site Cleanups," In Management of Uncontrolled Hazardous Waste Sites Proceedings, Washington, D.C., 1985, pp. 285. 

In addition, cover systems are also used in the remediation of hazardous waste sites. For example, cover systems may be applied to source areas contaminated at or near the ground surface or at abandoned dumps. In such cases, the cover system may be used alone or in conjunction with other technologies to contain the waste (e.g., slurry walls and groundwater pump and treat systems). 

METLCAP A process for encapsulating hazardous heavy metal wastes in a proprietary type of cement. Developed and offered by Environmental Remediation Technology, Cleveland, OH. 

Wilson, D. J. and Clarke, A. N. (editors), 1994, Hazardous Waste Soil Remediation Theory and Application of Innovative Technologies. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, 367 pp. 

The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA), commonly known as Superfund, 1980, created a tax on the chemical and petroleum industries and provided broad federal authority to respond directly to releases or threatened releases of hazardous substances that may endanger public health or the environment. The act was amended by the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA) in 1986 and stressed the importance of permanent remedies and innovative treatment technologies in cleaning up hazardous waste sites. 

Caps can be temporary (interim) or final. An interim cap is installed to minimize the generation of leachate until a better remedy is selected. Caps are also used to cover waste masses too large for treatment, such as tailings piles at mining sites. Capping is considered to be a proven, rather than an innovative, technology. Caps have been used at municipal and hazardous waste landfills for many years. 

The technology is commercially available and has been successfully applied for full-scale treatment and remediation of organic and inorganic contaminated material occurring at hazardous waste sites and within bays, harbors, and river areas. Bergmann USA was closed for business in 1998. However, the soil/sediment washing technology is still available from their parent company, Linatex, Inc. 

All of the available cost information for the VaporSep technology comes from industrial applications. These costs may not be representative of costs for the remediation of hazardous wastes. 

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