Hazardous Installations

The results of the Flixborough investigation made it clear that the large inventory of flammable material in the process plant contributed to the scale of the disaster. It was concluded that limitations of inventory should be taken as specific design objectives in major hazard installations. It should be noted, however, that reduction of inventoiy may require more frequent and smaller shipments and improved management. 

This is a location which is continuously contaminated with explosive gases, chemical vapours or volatile liquids and thus is highly susceptible to fire hazards. Installation of electrical machines in such areas should be avoided as far as possible, to reduce cost, facilitate maintenance and take other precautions. 

Hazardous installations, contaminated with inflammable gases, vapour or volatile liquids (such as for marine (aboard a ship) or mining applications)... 

C. G. Ramsey, R. Sylvester-Evans, and M. A. English, Siting and Layout of Major Hazardous Installations, /. Ghem. E. Symposium Series No. 71, 1982. 

Consultation distances (in relation to major hazard and other sites, e.g. LPG, chlorine, for land use planning) HSE assessments for consultation distances for major hazard installations. Chapter 5 in Safety Cases (Lees and Ang, 1989)... 

Richardson, M.L. (1986) Risk Assessment for Hazardous Installations, Pergamon, Oxford. 

Regulate the design and operation of defined major hazard installations. All necessary measures are required to prevent and limit the consequences of major accidents. Operators of upper-tier sites must produce a detailed Safety Report those of lower-tier sites must prepare a Major Accident Prevention Policy. 

Can process units be located to reduce or eliminate adverse impacts from other adjacent hazardous installations ... 

HSE assessments for consultation distances for major hazard installations. Chapter 5 in Safety Cases (Lees and Ang, 1989)... 

The fact that the hazardous installation is notifiable and has been notified to HSE. 

A seismic stress analysis is not made as a routine procedure in the design of vessels for sites in the United Kingdom, except for nuclear installations, as the probability of an earthquake occurring of sufficient severity to cause significant damage is negligible. However, the possibility of earthquake damage may be considered if the site is a Major Hazards installation, see Chapter 9, Section 9.9. 

There are over 400 potentially hazardous industrial projects in Ukraine, 27 of which have the highest risk of accidents disasters with catastrophic consequences. During the last three years there have been registered 74 emergency situations of natural character, while there have been 123 records of man-caused emergencies, which is almost twice as many. This is a vivid illustration of the extremely poor technical condition of potentially hazardous installations. 

At present it has become exigent to work out a governmental program in Ukraine for securing environmentally hazardous installations that might be attractive for terrorist acts. 

A Review of Past Accidents Occurring in Major Hazard Installations in Italy Discussion of the Causes, Consequences, and Lessons Learned, Giancarlo Ludovisi and Fiorenzo Damiani... 

This accident resulted in significant changes in England and the rest of the world in the manner in which chemical process safety is managed by industry and government. One of the conclusions reached as a result of this accident, which has had a wide effect in the chemical industry, is that limitations of inventory (or flammable materials) should be taken as specific design objectives in major hazard installations. ... 

Specifically, the purpose of Convention No. 174, adopted by the International Labour Conference (1993), is the prevention of major accidents involving hazardous substances and the limitation of the consequences of such accidents. It plies to major hazard installations with the exception of nuclear installations and plants processing radioactive substances except for facilities handling non-radioactive substances at these installations, military installations, and transport outside the site of an installation other than by pipeline. 

States ratifying the Convention are required to work out, in consultation with the most representative organisations of employers and woikers and with other interested parties who may be affected, a national policy for the prevention of major industrial accidents in accordance with the general principles it sets forth. The policy shall be implemented through preventive and protective measures for major hazard installations and, where practicable, shall promote the use of the best available safety technologies. 

In the law and economics literature zoning is discussed as a solution to the problem of conflicting land uses (Posner, 1986, pp. 60-1) and as a response to market faUure (Cooter, and Ulen, 1988, pp. 205-9). For an example of planning controls around hazardous installations see Rocard and Smets, 1992,468-84. 

Rocard, Ph. and Smets, H. (1992) A socio-economic analysis of controls onlanduse around hazardous installations. Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance, 65, 468-84. 

Can equipment be designed so that it is difficult or impossible to create a potentially hazardous situation due to operating error Can process units be located to reduce or eliminate adverse impacts from other adjacent hazardous installations ... 

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