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Toxic Noncarcinogenic

Characteristics of receptor population Acute toxicity Chronic toxicity Noncarcinogenic Carcinogenic... [Pg.4547]

The most common and well-understood human toxicities (noncarcinogenic) resulting from chronic cadmium exposures occur in the pulmonary system and kidney. The kidney is affected following either pulmonary or oral exposures however, lung is affected only after exposure by inhalation. [Pg.194]

Properties Wh. solid faint odor sol. in many org, solvents insol. in water dens. 0.85 g/ml 75 C vapor pressure < 0.1 hPa b.p. 205 - 225 10 hPa acid no. 205-210 iodine no. 1 max. sapon. no. 206-211 solid, pt. 55C Toxicology LD50 (oral, rat) > 2g/kg may cause eye irritation unlikely to cause skin irritation vapor may irritate resp. tract ing. may irritate Gl tract low oral toxicity noncarcinogenic... [Pg.885]

Toxicology LD50 (oral, rat) > 2g/kg may cause eye irritation unlikely to cause skin irritation vapor may irritate resp. tract ing. may irritate Gl tract low oral toxicity noncarcinogenic TSCA listed... [Pg.886]

The measure used to describe the potential for noncarcinogenic toxicity to occur in an individual is not expressed as tlie probability of an individual suffering an adverse effect. The EPA does not at tlie present time use a probabilistic approach to estimate tlie potential for noncarcinogenic healtli effects. Instead, tlie potential for non carcinogenic effects is evaluated by comparing an exposure level over a specified time period (e.g., lifetime) witli a reference dose derived for a similar exposure period. Tliis ratio of exposure to toxicity is called a liazard quotient and is described below. (The reader is referred to Chapter 11 for additional details on tlie material tliat follows). The noncancer liazard quotient assumes tliat tliere is a level of exposure (i.e., RfD) below which it is unlikely for even sensitive populations to experience adverse healtli effects. [Pg.398]

The final performance standard is for toxic metals. For RCRA combustion units, both carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic metals are regulated under the same type of tiered system as chlorine. The facility determines an appropriate tier for each regulated metal and assures that the facility meets these feed rate and emission standards. A different tier may be selected for each metal pollutant. [Pg.462]

At the initial stages of a release, when the benzene-derived compounds are present at their highest concentrations, acute toxic effects are more common than they are later. These noncarcinogenic effects include subtle changes in detoxifying enzymes and liver damage. Generally, the relative aquatic acute toxicity of petroleum will be the result of the fractional toxicities of the different hydrocarbons present in the aqueous phase. Tests indicate that naphthalene-derived chemicals have a similar effect. [Pg.117]

Salamone, M.F. Toxicity of 41 carcinogens and noncarcinogenic analogs. Prog. Mutat. Res. in Evaluation ofShort-Term Tests for Carcinogens. Report of the International Corroborative Program. Progress in Mutation Research, de Serres, F.J. and Ashby, Eds. (Holland Elsevier, 1981), pp. 682-685. [Pg.1718]

When human data of sufficient quality are available, they are preferable to animal data as no interspecies extrapolation is necessary and exposure scenarios are likely to be more realistic. However, the relatively low sensitivity of epidemiological smdies implies that it is very difficult to demonstrate the noncarcinogenicity of a substance, unless exposure conditions are exceptional and well documented. Negative human data cannot be used to override positive findings in animals, unless it has been demonstrated that the mode of action of a certain toxic response observed in animals is not relevant for humans, see Section 4.9.6. In such a case, a full justification is required. [Pg.169]

Munro et al. (1996) explored the relationship between chemical structure and toxicities through the compilation of a large reference database consisting of 613 chemical substances tested for a variety of noncarcinogenic toxicological endpoints in rodents and rabbits in oral toxicity tests, including subchronic, chronic, reproductive, and developmental toxicity. For many of the substances, more... [Pg.197]

SSLs are risk-based concentrations derived from standardized equations combining exposure information assumptions with US-EPA toxicity data. For the ingestion, dermal, and inhalation pathways, toxicity criteria are used to define an acceptable level of contamination in soil, based on a one-in-a-million (10 individual excess cancer risk for carcinogens and a Hazard Quotient (HQ) of 1 for noncarcinogens. The hazard quotient is defined as the ratio of an exposure estimate over the Reference Dose or Concentration (Section 5.1), i.e., HQ = Exposure/(RfD or RfC). [Pg.364]

The word bismuth is derived from the German word Weissmuth, or white substance. It is the heaviest stable element of the periodic table. Even though it carries the status of heavy metal, this metal is rated as relatively nontoxic and noncarcinogenic, unlike its neighboring elements (in the periodic table) like arsenic, antimony, lead, and tin, which are highly toxic. This nontoxicity arises from the insolubility of its salts in neutral aqueous solutions such as biological fluids, which... [Pg.230]

Parchment, R.E. (1998) Alternative testing systems for evaluating noncarcinogenic, hematologic toxicity. Environmental Health Perspectives, 106 (Suppl. 2), 541-547. [Pg.437]

If the drug is not a carcinogen, a NOEF will be determined from the noncarcinogenic toxicity endpoints. The NOEL is then used in calculation of the safe... [Pg.325]

The extrapolation from high to low doses will depend on the type of primary toxic effect. If this is a carcinogenic effect, then a threshold normally cannot be assumed, and a mathematical model is used to estimate the risk at low doses (see above). If the primary toxic effect is noncarcinogenic, then it will normally be assumed that a threshold exists. [Pg.28]

For noncarcinogens, in which the dose response is believed to show a threshold, a dose can be determined at which there is no adverse effect, the NOAEL (Fig. 2.12). The effect will be one that is likely to occur in humans and which is the most sensitive toxic effect observed. If a NOAEL cannot be determined (if the data is insufficiently robust), then the "lowest adverse effect level (LOAEL)" is determined (Fig. 2.12). [Pg.29]


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See also in sourсe #XX -- [ Pg.365 ]




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Noncarcinogens

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