Hazard approach

Both approaches are useful and they are also complementary because it is important to know where a chemical that may be best in its class falls out with respect to hazard. For example, a surfactant that is best in its class will be rapidly biodegradable, but most surfactants have some aquatic toxicity because they are surface active. However, surfactants as a class are typically close to the green end of the hazard spectrum because they tend to have low hazard ratings for most other endpoints. It is also possible to have chemicals that are best in their class but that are still problematic. For example, some dioxin congeners are less toxic than others but one would not presume that a dioxin congener that is best in its class is green . Concurrent use of the best in class approach with the absence of hazard approach is also important because it drives continual advancement within a class toward the ideal green chemistry. Once innovation occurs and a chemical or product is developed that meets the same or better performance criteria with lower hazard, what was once considered best in class shifts. 

As discussed above, the risk of chemicals in the environment is dependent on both exposure and toxicity. Pathways through which organisms in the environment are exposed to chemicals are therefore key determinants of how safe (and therefore, how green ) a chemical is, and must be considered in moving towards a reduced risk or hazard approach to the production and use of chemicals. Fate in the environment is the principal determinant of exposure and designing chemicals for reduced hazard and risk to the environment involves consideration of processes that affect the chemical in the environment, in addition to toxicity. Assessment of environmental fate, including design of chemicals for nonpersistence, is discussed in detail in Chapter 16. 

The degree of hazard approach, on the face of it, may offer a similar basis for prescribing a sort of intensity of need for management. Beyond this, it is also apparent that, given the choice of available management options for a given waste stream (such as land treatment, land burial, incineration, chemical fixation, etc.) there can be technical decisions rendered as to which of these options are suitable for the waste material (e.g., a chlorinated hydrocarbon solvent waste), and which are less suitable, or even unacceptable. 

The second important advantage over other degree of hazard approaches is that we are assessing not just risk. We are, in addition, trying to assess the costs of achieving the various levels of control. This combination of the amount of environmental... 

Describe two principles of disaster planning, including the agent-specific and the all-hazards approach, and the basic components of a disaster plan. 

After 9/11, the federal government adopted a National Response Plan (NRP), built on the template of the National Incident Management System (NIMS), which adopts an all-hazards approach to emergency management, helping streamline a national response irrespective of the cause of the emergency (i.e., terrorist or natural DHS, 2004). The NRP applies to all incidents requiring a coordinated federal response and is scalable to the nature of the event. However, NRP maintains the local/state primary role in public health response, with a continued premise that state and local authorities will handle the first response. (A private-sector role is also envisioned.)... 

Strategic planning—These are planning activities that focus on preparing the organization for any type of threat. This is commonly referred to as the all hazards approach. 

The program employs the all-hazards approach to disaster planning recommended by the Federal Emergency Management Agency, which states that disaster planning should take place at a system level as well as within the organization and community, and is competency based. 

FEMA is not the only culprit a breakdown occurred on all levels of government. According to the National Response Plan that establishes a comprehensive all-hazards approach to enhance the ability of the United States to manage domestic incidents, local, state, and federal authorities are all designated specific responsibilities and duties. The mayor is responsible for coordinating local resources to address the full spectrum of actions to prevent, prepare for, and recover from major disasters, accidents or acts of terrorism. He/she requests state and, if necessary, federal assistance through the governor of the state when the jurisdiction s capabilities have been... 

Limited Set of Hazards Approach. A third approach would be to benchmark chemicals based on a few hazards for which experimental and QSAR data are readily available. For example, persistence, bioaccumulation potential, and ecotoxicity are three hazards for which experimental and QSAR data, as well as a QSAR tool (the PBT profiler) are readily available for many chemicals. This type of... 

Vadeby, A., Forsman, A., Kecklund, G., Akerstedt, T., Sandberg, D., and Anund, A. 2010. Sleepiness and prediction of driver impairment in simulator studies using a Cox proportional hazard approach. Accid. Anal. Prev. 42 835-841. 

Even though no formal attempt is made to control hazards and controls are normally not addressed in preliminary hazard lists, some control may be achieved by eliminating obviously hazardous approaches during the initial screening of concepts. 

Emergency Management in Health Care An All Hazards Approach. Oakbrook Terrace, IL Joint Commission... 

Lack of conformance with government regulations Insufficient in-plant monitoring of physical and chemical hazards Individual hazard approach instead of total loss control concept... 

Next, the team should make a determination of the potential for injuries or deaths that could possibly occur from an all-hazards approach to any catastrophic event at the school. The all-hazards planning approach focuses on developing capacities and capabilities that are critical to preparedness for a full spectrum of emergencies or disasters. This process can begin by addressing the following issues ... 

Establish emergency preparedness guidelines from an all hazards approach, covering both natural disasters (weather related, for example) and manmade acts of crime and violence. 

Another term that is becoming quite popular, especially after the September 11, 2001, terrorist attack in the United States is an all hazards approach. The all hazards approach assesses the safety, security, and emergency management implications of an incident either intentional (security), accidental (safety), or natural disaster that can cause harm to people, property, equipment, or the environment. Many embrace the term because they feel that the end result—a disaster—is the same, no matter the precursors. 

Risk sources are given by all hazards approach and by interdependences among the partial systems and by those with vicinity. Formation at the beginning of third millennium. 

The unavailability of a particular critical infrastructure should be rated by the extent of affected geographic area, number of population, related economic loss, environmental, political or psychological effects. The protection of critical infrastructures is to be based on an all-hazards approach recognising the threat from terrorism as a priority. 

Hexane extraction of stabilized rice bran has been the most commonly used method for obtaining rice bran oil. Hexane has the advantage of high oil recovery, but safety concerns regarding hexane have led to a search for alternative extraction methods. Less hazardous approaches such as the use of isopropyl alcohol, supercritical fluid extraction, or enzyme-assisted extraction are potential alternative processing methods. 

The phases of emergency preparedness often overlap. However, effective emergency management coordinates the activities in all four phases. Emergencies and disasters can cut across a broad spectrum and can include infrastructure, human services, and the economy. When considering the all hazards approach, planners must also consider any predictable consequences relating to those hazards. All stakeholders must plan to focus on the management principles of coordination and collaboration. 

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