Hashish

THC tetrahydrocannabinols CBN cannabinol CBD cannabidiol CBDA cannabidiolic acid 1—4 hashish of oriental origin 5 Cannabis non indica, cultivated in Karlsruhe, Germany, 1956 6 as 5, but 1957 7 Cannabis indica, Karlsruhe 1957 8 Cannabis non indica, Karlsruhe 1962 9 pyrolysis product of CBD the zones with dotted outlines are only faintly visible 

The chief substances in Fig. 201 can be quantitatively determined by either spraying the chromatogram with alkali and the Fast Blue B salt mentioned or by visualisation with blue tetrazolium (Firm 88) [125, 126] in each case the zones are than scraped off, eluted with acetic acid-methanol (1 + 1) and the solution evaluated photometrically in the visible spectral region. 

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The most common illicit dmgs ia the United States today are heroin, cocaine, marijuana, hashish, phenycHdine, LSD, and methamphetamine. These make up at least 90% of the total dmgs seized. 

The plant Cannabis sativa produces the psychoactive diug A9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Recreationally, THC is consumed in form of marijuana (dried flowers and leaves) or hashish (resin). The cultivation and possession of Cannabis for recreational use is not... 

Gaoni Y, Mechoulam R Isolation, structure, and partial synthesis of an active constituent of hashish. J Am Chem Soc 86 1646—1647, 1964 Gardner EL Addictive potential of cannabinoids the underlying neurobiology. Chem Phys Lipids 121 267-290, 2002... 

The chemical composition of C. sativa is very complex and about 500 compounds in this plant are known. A complete list can be found in [81] with some additional supplementations [2,82]. The complex mixture of about 120 mono- and sesquiterpenes is responsible for the characteristic smell of C. sativa. One of these terpenoic compounds, carophyllene oxide, is used as leading substance for hashish detection dogs to find C. sativa material [83]. It is a widespread error that dogs that are addicted to drugs are employed for drug detection. A9-THC is an odorless substance and cannot be sniffed by dogs. 

So, the 20th century actually led to an almost total disappearance of C. sativa for medicinal purposes. The only source for THC, which became the focus of scientific research, was fhe rafher fedious exfracfion and purification from confiscated hashish or marihuana. In 1972 the first commercially viable total synthesis of A9-THC was established and it became the first cannabinoid available as a modern medicine in the form of soft gel capsules (the active ingredient being called dronabinol from tetrahydrocannabinol) under the trade name Marinol for the prevention of nausea and vomiting during cancer chemotherapy. 

In America, George Washington was a hemp farmer, although it seems that there was little knowledge of the intoxicating properties of the plant until Mexican immigrants later introduced social consumption of the plant. By the 19th century, cannabis use had spread from the Middle East to the artists and writers of Europe, most notably by Le Club des Haschischins (The Club of Hashish Eaters) in Paris, and as a result popular fiction also raised the profile of cannabis use thanks to the... 

Duncan DF (1987). Lifetime prevalence of amotivational syndrome , among users and nonusers of hashish. Psychology of Addictive Behaviours, 1, 114-119. 

Gold MS (1992). Marihuana and hashish. In G Winger, FG Hoffmann and JH Woods (eds), A Handbook of Drug and Alcohol Abuse. The Biological Aspects (pp. 117-131). Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK. 

Stefanis C, Dornbush R and Fink M (eds) (1977). Hashish Studies of Long-Term Use. Raven Press, New York. 

Marijuana and hashish are derivatives of the cannabis sativa plant 919 Cannabinoid effects in the CNS are mediated by the CB1 receptor 919 Endocannabinoids are endogenous ligands for the CB1 receptor 919 Endocannabinoids serve as retrograde messengers 920 There are many similarities between endogenous opioid and cannabinoid systems 921... 

Marijuana and hashish are derivatives of the cannabis sativa plant. Although cannabinoids have been used for centuries for recreational and therapeutic purposes, dramatic advances in cannabinoid neurobiology have occurred since 1990 [34-37]. This is attributable to the cloning of cannabinoid receptors and the discovery of endogenous cannabinoids, termed endocannabinoids. 

Marijuana (reefer, pot, grass, weed) is the most commonly used illicit drug. The principal psychoactive component is A9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Hashish, the dried resin of the top of the plant, is more potent than the plant itself. Pharmacologic effects begin immediately and last 1 to 3 hours. 

In most of these practices, the hallucinations were one of the most salient features of the intoxications. A glimpse at the nature of these experiences is provided by William James (18), who cited the following account from a friend who ingested hashish ... 

When comparing these hashish hallucinations to those produced by opium and belladonna, other writers (2,34) noted that such hallucinations were more than simple projected images. As William James (18) wrote at the turn of the century ... 

In the past year, our forensic chemists participated with special agents in the seizure of over 30 domestic clandestine laboratories which were producing LSD, phencyclidine (PCP), dimethyl trypta-mine (DMT), methamphetamine, and liquid hashish. DEA chemists have also examined illegal laboratories in Europe, South America, and the Far East. These laboratories were producing heroin or cocaine. 

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