Haldor Topspe

Using a similar design the authors also showed (Fig. 10.9, 10.10)12 that an industrial (VK-58 Haldor-Topspe) V2O5-K2S2O7 based catalyst could be electrochemically promoted (p=4, A =102) via polarization at Uwr--0.2 V. This may be of significant practical importance. 

Figure 8.22. Schematic drawing of an adiabatic two-bed radial flow reactor. There are three inlets and one outlet. The major inlet comes in from the top (left) and follows the high-pressure shell (which it cools) to the bottom, where it is heated by the gas leaving the reactor bottom (left). Additional gas is added at this point (bottom right) and it then flows along the center, where even more gas is added. The gas is then let into the first bed (A) where it flows radially inward and reacts adiabatically whereby it is heated and approaches equilibrium (B). It is then cooled in the upper heat exchanger and move on to the second bed (C) where it again reacts adiabatically, leading to a temperature rise, and makes a new approach to equilibrium (D). (Courtesy of Haldor Topspe AS.)...

Haldor Topspe s fixed-bed alkylation (FBA ) technology is a compromise between liquid and solid acid-based processes. It applies a supported liquid-phase catalyst in which liquid triflic (trifluoromethanesulfonic) acid is supported on a porous material (206,241). The acid in the bed is concentrated in a well-defined catalyst zone, in which all the alkylation chemistry takes place at the upstream... 

Fig. 18. Haldor Topspe s FBA alkylation process. Adapted from Ref. (206).

The RKN process uses steam reforming to make hydrogen from hydrocarbon gases (from natural gas to naphtha). Haldor Topspe developed this process in the 1960 s. By 1974, 24 plants based on this technology were operating2. 

Haldor Topspe A/S Copenhagen, Denmark Oxidation Catalytic Partial... 

Figure 6.4. presents data from a commercial iron catalyst, Haldor Topspe KMIR. The data shows a sharp drop in reaction rate with declining temperature at a 3 1 H2-to-N2 ratio in contrast to a 1 1 H2-to-N2 ratio. This may be attributed to a hindering effect by absorbed hydrogen at low temperature74. 

Some of the ammonia process technologies that are available include KAAP/ /m.s , Haldor Topspe, LAC (or Linde Ammonia Concept), LCA (or Leading Concept Ammonia), Ammonia Casale, and Uhde. 

Haldor Topspe s ammonia synthesis technology is based on the S-200 ammonia converter. This is a two-bed radial flow converter with indirect cooling between the beds. Features of the S-200 include efficient use of converter volume and low pressure drop (factors related to the use of small catalyst particles 1.5 to 3.0 mm), and high conversion per pass due to indirect cooling85. 

Haldor Topspe also offers the S-250 concept and the three-bed S-300 converter. The S-250 uses the S-200 converter followed by a one-bed S-50 converter with a steam boiler or steam superheater between the two converters85. The S-50 catalyst bed inlet temperature (which is equal to the converter inlet temperature) is controlled by the amount of steam superheating that occurs upstream of the S-50. The S-300 has an internal heat exchanger installed between the second and third catalyst beds. In 2001 a total of thirteen (13) S-300 converters were in operation or under construction. A cut-away view of an S-300 converter is shown in Figure 6.9207. 

Figure 6.9. Haldor Tops0e S-300 Ammonia Converter. (Reproduced by Permission of Haldor Topspe)...

The Haldor Topspe design for large capacity ammonia plants will be based on their experience with the 2,050 tonne/day plant that Profertil operates in Argentina and on the 2,000 tonne/day plant that Kaltim Pasifik Amoniak operates in Indonesia. 

Christensen, P.V., Revamping Ammonia Plants to Follow Feedstock Situation and Market Demands, Haldor Topspe Ammonia Publications, Presented at FAI Symposium on Improving Productivity of Ammonia and Urea Plants in New Delhi, India, www.haldortopsoe.com, Lyngby, Denmark, April 2001. 

Christensen, P.V., Design and Operation of Large Capacity Ammonia Plants, 4U Conference for Development and Integration of Petrochemical Industries in Arab States -Bahrain, www. www.haldortopsoe.com, Haldor Topspe, Lyngby, Denmark, May, 2001. 

Haldor Topspe A/S Research Laboratories, Nym0llevej, 55, P. O. Box 213, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark... 

Fig. 4.30. Approximately 70-nm diameter Cu particles, 15-nm thick, with 200-nm interparticle spacing prepared by electron-beam lithography (a) the as-prepared sample, and (b) after oxidation at 500°C in l.lmbar H2 at 400°C. These images were taken with the in situ TEM by Stig Helveg at Haldor Topspe A/S...

This configuration has been developed specifically to meet the high tonnage demands of basic chemicals such as ammonia (50 to 100 tons/h). hi this reactor proposed by Haldor Topspe, the catalyst is placed between coaxial cylinders, and the gas flows either from or to the center, as shown in Figure 11.30. The pressure drop is low, since only a short length of the catalyst bed is used. Based on several studies (Raskin et al., 1968a, b Hlavacek and Kubicek, 1972 Hlavacek and Vortuba, 1977 Strauss and Buddie, 1978 Calo, 1978 Balakotaiah and Luss, 1981), some useful conclusions can be drawn ... 

A commercial NiMo catalyst (Haldor Topspe TK-551) containing 3.4% NiO, 143%MoOs and 2% P supported on an alumina carrier was used in this study. The unimpregnated carrier was also tested for comparison purpose. 

The authors benefited from discussions with B. Fastrup, O. Hinrichsen and G. Ertl, and are grateful to Haldor Topspe for supplying the iron catalyst. 

Hoekman et al. [40] studied CO2 methanation reaction over Haldor Topspe commercially available methanation catalysts consisting of Ni and NiO on an alumina substrate with total nickel loading of 20-25% and an operating temperature range of 190-450 C in an extruded ring-shaped catalyst. Approximately 60% conversion of CO2 was observed at r= 300-350°C and stoichiometric CO2/H2 ratio. Aldana et al. [41] found that Ni over ceria-zirconia (prepared by sol-gel synthesis) shows an initial COj activity of almost 80%, with a CH4 selectivity of 97.3%, decreasing down to 84.7% after 90 hours of reaction. By IR operando analysis, they found that for Ni-ceria-zirconia catalysts the main mechanism for CO2 methanation does not require CO as reaction intermediate and the mechanism is based on CO2 adsorption on weak basic sites of the support. 

Haldor Topspe A/S, Nympllevej 55, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark e-mail jbh topsoe.dk... 

Analyses made by Haldor Topspe and Topsoe Fuel Cell have shown that SOFC technology possesses the highest potential to become a main contributor to the global power market because of ... 

Topsoe Fuel Denmark micro-CHP, 125 Haldor Topspe Partnership with... 

Topsoe Fuel CeU is a subsidiary of the Haldor Topspe Group. Topsoe Fuel CeU was estabUshed as a separate company in 2004, based on more than a decade of fuel ceU research activities in Haldor Topspe. Haldor Topspe is an internationally recognized company within the catalysis industry with worldwide presence and a turnover exceeding 500 mUUon . Haldor Topspe holds a top three position in aU of its business... 

Wartsila Corporation and Haldor Topspe together performed a conceptual study of a 250-kW planar SOFC system for CHP application [46]. They cost estimated the price based on obtained offers or estimated costs for the bottom-up designed components. 

In a subsequent study, the effects of different operating variables, namely space velocity (between 18 and 75 kh ), temperature (between 180 and 250 °C), and ammonium nitrate feed content (between 20 and 100 % of the stoichiometric feed concentration), were systematically investigated over a commercial V-based Haldor Topspe catalyst in order to identify the best process conditions [34]. Data from this study confirmed the occurrence of the very active Enhanced SCR reaction over the V-based catalyst, and pointed out that the added NH4NO3 itself was totally and selectively converted. As shown for example in Fig. 9.12, the addition of AN to the feed stream at 200 °C leads to a significant increase in the NOx conversion compared to the Standard SCR reaction at all the investigated space velocities. The upper Fast SCR bound was approached, but the substoichiometric AN feed contents (100 and 200 ppm) limited the NO conversions associated with the E-SCR reaction. Notably, the NOx conversions were identical within experimental error when feeding either ammonium nitrate (AN) or NO2 in the same proportions (i.e., same AN to NO or NO2 to NOx feed ratio). 

One of the most innovative designs of the ammonia synthesis reactor is from the Haldor-Topspe company. We give in Figure 0.2 the flow cross-sectional view of one of the earlier designs of the so-called radial flow reactor (US Patent 3 372 988, filed September 18, 1964) and ask you to figure out the answers to the following questions ... 

Figure 8.1. A synthesis loop with the Haldor Topspe S-250 three-bed reactor. Note that the make-up gas is compressed and that water from the clean-up methanation is separated. Furthermore, the make-up gas is washed in liquid ammonia as it enters the synthesis loop.

Haldor Topspe, 1992, Reference List for Desulfurization and Denitrification Plants, Haldor Tops0e, Houston, TX. 

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