Ammonia Casale

For revamps of ammonia synthesis converters, Ammonia Casale offers 1) an in-situ modification of bottle-shaped converters of the Kellogg type, and 2) a three-bed intercooled configuration. The intercooled design is similar in some ways to the Uhde design discussed below213. 

The Ammonia Casale design also includes catalyst-containing beds that are easy to handle and are inexpensive. Their design also uses a reverse bottom that increases the catalyst-filling efficiency213. 

Ammonia Casale does not have a proprietary catalyst. They design their equipment to work with the different catalysts that are commercially available209. 

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Fig. 17. (a) Kellogg vertical quench converter (b) Ammonia Casale converter basket modification. 

Casale The first synthetic ammonia process, designed by L. Casale, who founded Ammonia Casale of Lugano, Switzerland, in 1921. See Claude (1). 

Some of the ammonia process technologies that are available include KAAP/ /m.s , Haldor Topspe, LAC (or Linde Ammonia Concept), LCA (or Leading Concept Ammonia), Ammonia Casale, and Uhde. 

The ammonia loop is based on the Ammonia Casale axial-radial three-bed converter with internal heat exchangers. Heat from the ammonia synthesis is used to 1) generate high-pressure steam and 2) preheat feed gas. The gas is then cooled and refrigerated to separate ammonia product. Unconverted gas is recycled to the syngas compressor208 214... 

Figure 6.11. Ammonia Casale Axial-Radial Reactor Design. (Reproduced by permission of Casale Group)...

As discussed above, several different types of ammonia converters are available. These types include axial quench converters (e.g., standard Kellogg reactors), tube cooled converters (e.g., TVA and Synetix designs), axial-radii designs (e.g., Ammonia Casale retrofit) and Kellogg s horizontal design. Typical operating data for different types of ammonia converters are shown in Table 6.4204. 

Lurgi and Ammonia Casale have teamed up to develop the MEGAMMONIA technology that is designed to produce 4,000 tonnes per day of ammonia or 1,400,000 tonnes per year291. 

Ammonia Casale Technologies, www.casale.ch, Ammonia Casale S.A., Lugano, Switzerland,... 

Other companies that offer ammonia process technology are Linde,208,214 ICI,16,17 Ammonia Casale,204,209,210,213 and Uhde.211... 

The companies that are developing large capacity plants are KBR,215 Haldor Topsoe,215,217 Uhde,215,218 plus Lurgi and Ammonia Casale.291... 

Commercial plants The first complete LAC plant, for 1,350-mtd ammonia, has been built for GSFC in India. Two other LAC plants, for 230-and 600-mtd ammonia, were commissioned in Australia. The latest LAC contract is under erection in China and produces hydrogen, ammonia and C02 under import of nitrogen from already existing facilities. There are extensive reference lists for Linde hydrogen and nitrogen plants and Ammonia Casale synthesis systems. 

Megammonia A process for making ammonia. It uses oxygen instead of steam, and novel axial-radial reactors that reduce pressure-drop and catalyst quantities. Developed by Lurgi Oel-Gas-Chemie and Ammonia Casale, for which they received the AstraZeneca Award for Green Chemistry in 2003. 

Ammonia-Casale, which proposes a technology that remodels the processes with carbamate decomposition by gas stripping the SRR (Split Reaction Recycle) process. This involves adding to the synthesis loop in place a side reaction section operating at 20 to 22.10 Pa absolute, with an N/C ratio of 4 to 5, making it possible to reach the... 

In general, the catalysts contain varying quantities of the oxides of aluminum, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and silicon as promoters. Patents recommend adding sodium [243], beryllium [244], vanadium [245], uranium [246], or platinum [247]. Reference [248] describes cesium-containing catalysts. Catalysts patented by Lummus [249] and Ammonia Casale [250] contain cerium as additional promoter. ICI [251] has developed a cobalt-containing catalyst, as has Grande Paroisse [252]. 

Axial-radial flow pattern was introduced by Ammonia Casale. Converters with strictly radial gas flow require mechanical sealing of the top of each catalyst bed... 

Figure 90. Ammonia Casale axial-radial flow pattern...

F. J. Wollmer, Ammonia Casale s 75,h Anniversary Symposium, Lugano, Switzerland, Nov. 1996. 

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