Haemophilus influenzae vaccines

Plaut, A. G., Qiu, J., and St, G. J., III. (2000). Human lactoferrin proteolytic activity Analysis of the cleaved region in the IgA protease of Haemophilus influenzae. Vaccine 19(Suppl. 1), S148-S152. 

Pathogen-derived antigens, e.g. hepatitis B, meningococcal, pneumococcal and Haemophilus influenzae vaccines. 

Moxon ER, KroU JS. Type b capsular polysaccharide as a virulence factor of Haemophilus influenzae. Vaccine. 1988 6(2) 113-115. 

There are a number of practical problems involved with using polysaccharides as vaccines as there are frequently too many different chemotypes for it to be practicable to prepare a vaccine. In some cases a limited number of serotypes are the dominant cause of infection and it may then be possible to produce vaccines. A major problem is the poor immune response elicited by polysaccharide antigens, which may in some cases be improved by chemical modification. This is (fie case for vaccines for Haemophilus influenzae type b (a causative agent of meningitis), where the antigenicity of the polysaccharide can be increased by coupling to proteins. 

Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate and hepatitis B vaccine he -maw-fil-us in-flu-en -zah kon-jew -gate hep -ah-tie -tus bee-vak -seen Lyme disease vaccine (recombinant OspA) lime-vak -seen... 

Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) conjugate vaccine. Three Hib conjugate vaccines are licensed for infant use. If PRP-OMP (PedvaxHIB or ComVax) is administered at ages 2 and 4 months, a dose at age 6 months is not required. DTaP/Hib combination products should not be used for primary immunization in infants at ages 2, 4 or 6 months, but can be used as boosters following any Hib vaccine. 

Parisi, L. and von Hunolstein, C., Determination of the molecular size distribution of Haemophilus influenzae type b-tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccines by size-exclusion chromatography, /. Chromatogr. A, 847, 209, 1999. 

Haemophilus influenzae is a bacterial respiratory pathogen that causes a wide spectrum of disease ranging from colonization of the airways to bacterial meningitis. It causes considerable morbidity and mortality, especially in children less than 5 years of age. H. influenzae is either encapsulated or unencapsulated. The encapsulated strains can be further differentiated into six antigenically distinct serotypes, a through f. H. influenzae type b was primarily found in cerebrospinal fluid and blood of children with meningitis, while the unencapsulated strains were found in the upper respiratory tract of adults. Before the introduction of the vaccine, H. influenzae was responsible for 20,000 to 25,000 cases of invasive disease annually and was the most common cause of bacterial meningitis. Since the introduction of the vaccine, invasive disease due to H. influenzae type b has been nearly eliminated. 

Many factors have to be considered when developing combination vaccines. First the selected components need to be given on a similar schedule and all components should already be licensed in the United States. The excipients contained in the individual vaccines may interfere with another component when combined, altering a component s immunogenicity. Finally, the immunogenicity of the combination must be similar (within 10%) to the immune response when the components are administered separately. This has been problematic with combinations containing Haemophilus influenza type b vaccine, for which the immune response has been significantly blunted in some combinations.13... 

There are several combination vaccines available in the United States. One of the most popular pediatric combinations is Pediarix a combination of diphtheria and tetanus toxoids, acellular pertussis, inactivated poliovirus, and hepatitis B vaccines. ComVax is a combination of Haemophilus influenzae type b and hepatitis B vaccines. The most recent combination is ProQuad which contains measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella vaccines. The only combination available for adults is Twinrix which has hepatitis A and hepatitis B vaccines. 

Following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation the patient will need virtually all routine vaccines to be administered again however, the patient will not be able to mount an adequate response for 6 to 12 months post-transplant. Diphtheria, tetanus, acellular pertussis, Haemophilus influenzae type b, hepatitis B, pneumococcal, and inactivated poliovirus should be given at 12,14, and 24 months post-hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Inactivated influenza vaccine should be given yearly, starting 6 months after transplant. Measles, mumps and rubella can be given 2 years after transplant and varicella vaccine is contraindicated.16... 

Comvax Haemophilus b conjugate and hepatitis b vaccine Merck Vaccination against invasive Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) and hepatitis B... 

V. Verez-Bencomo, V. Femandez-Santana, E. Hardy, M. E. Toledo, M. C. Rodriguez, L. Heynngnezz, A. Rodriguez, A. Baly, L. Herrera, M. Izquierdo, A. Villar, Y. Valdes, et al., A synthetic conjugate polysaccharide vaccine against Haemophilus influenzae type b, Science, 305 (2004) 522-525. 

Anderson, P.W., Pichichero, M.E., Stein, E.C., Porcelli, S., Betts, R.F., Connuck, D.M., Korones, D., Insel, R.A., Zahradnik, J.M., and Eby, R. (1989) Effect of oligosaccharide chain length, exposed terminal group, and hapten loading on the antibody response of human adults and infants to vaccines consisting of Haemophilus influenzae type b capsular antigen uniterminally coupled to the diphtheria protein CRMI97./. Immunol. 142, 2464-2468. 

Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine (Hib). (Minimum age 6 weeks)... 

Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccines currently in use are conjugate products, consisting of either a polysaccharide or oligosaccharide of polyribosylribitol phosphate (PRP) covalently linked to a protein carrier. 

Haemophilus influenzae Type B Conjugate Vaccine Products ... 

Earle, J. P., Bennett, P. S., Larson, K. A., Shaw, R. The effects of stopper drying on moisture levels of haemophilus influenzae conjugate vaccine. Development in Biological Standardization, Vol. 74,. 203-210. Acting Editors Joan C. May, F. Brown, S. Karger AG, CH-4009 Basel (Switzerland), 1992... 

Available killed vaccines include acellular pertussis, anthrax, botulism, cholera, diptheria, hepatitis A, hepatitis B, Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), influenza, Lyme disease, meningococcus, pertussis, plague, pneumococcus, polio, rabies, tetanus, typhoid, and typhoid VI. 

A further type of vaccine included in the subunit category is the capsular polysaccharide vaccines, for example, those against Haemophilus influenzae and meningococcal meningitis. In this case an extract of the polysaccharide outer capsule of the bacterium is used as a vaccine and is sometimes conjugated to protein to... 

For the combination vaccine use the diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis (DTPa), inactivated polio (IPV) and Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) (Infanrix-Polio+H i ) vaccine (GlaxoSmithKline, Rixensart, Belgium). 

The pharmacogenomics analysis of samples from a clinical study with an aluminum hydroxide-adsorbed vaccine (diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis/polio/ Haemophilus influenzae) in infants is described. These instructions can easily be adapted to clinical studies of other vaccines with changes to the type of administered vaccine, administration route, vaccination ages, and so on. This method is therefore also suitable for assessing vaccine responses in adults and to study the cellular reactions in clinical subjects who have experienced adverse reactions. 

Trollfors B. Cost-benefit analysis of general vaccination against haemophilus influenzae type b in Sweden. Scand J Infect Dis 1994 26 611-14. 

Comvax (combination vaccine, containing rHBsAg produced in S. cerevisiae, as one component) Merck Vaccination of infants against Haemophilus influenzae type B and hepatitis B... 

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