Haemophilus influenzae type

There are a number of practical problems involved with using polysaccharides as vaccines as there are frequently too many different chemotypes for it to be practicable to prepare a vaccine. In some cases a limited number of serotypes are the dominant cause of infection and it may then be possible to produce vaccines. A major problem is the poor immune response elicited by polysaccharide antigens, which may in some cases be improved by chemical modification. This is (fie case for vaccines for Haemophilus influenzae type b (a causative agent of meningitis), where the antigenicity of the polysaccharide can be increased by coupling to proteins. 

Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate and hepatitis B vaccine he -maw-fil-us in-flu-en -zah kon-jew -gate hep -ah-tie -tus bee-vak -seen Lyme disease vaccine (recombinant OspA) lime-vak -seen... 

Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) conjugate vaccine. Three Hib conjugate vaccines are licensed for infant use. If PRP-OMP (PedvaxHIB or ComVax) is administered at ages 2 and 4 months, a dose at age 6 months is not required. DTaP/Hib combination products should not be used for primary immunization in infants at ages 2, 4 or 6 months, but can be used as boosters following any Hib vaccine. 

In the cell-wall antigen from Staphylococcus aureus M, taurine is linked as an amide (51) to a 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-galactosyluronic residue. l-Threonine and L-glutamic acid are linked as amides to D-glucuronic acid residues in the LPS from Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides ATCC 17023 and in the capsular polysaccharide from Klebsiella K82, respectively. In the capsular polysaccharide from E. coli K54, L-serine and L-threonine, in the ratio 1 9, are linked to the carboxyl group of a D-glucuronic acid residue. In the capsular polysaccharide from Haemophilus influenzae type d,... 

In different polysaccharides of the teichoic acid type, monosaccharides or oligosaccharides are connected by phosphoric diester linkages. Two examples are the capsular antigens from Neisseria meningitides type A (56) and Haemophilus influenzae type c (57), respectively. Glycerol phosphate... 

Haemophilus influenzae type b Cultures of H. influenzae type b 1 Separation of capsular polysaccharide 2 Conjugation with a protein Estimation of capsular polysaccharide content ... 

Parisi, L. and von Hunolstein, C., Determination of the molecular size distribution of Haemophilus influenzae type b-tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccines by size-exclusion chromatography, /. Chromatogr. A, 847, 209, 1999. 

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Progress toward elimination of Haemophilus influenzae type b invasive disease among infants and children—United States, 1998-2000. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) 2002 51(RRll) 234-237. 

Many factors have to be considered when developing combination vaccines. First the selected components need to be given on a similar schedule and all components should already be licensed in the United States. The excipients contained in the individual vaccines may interfere with another component when combined, altering a component s immunogenicity. Finally, the immunogenicity of the combination must be similar (within 10%) to the immune response when the components are administered separately. This has been problematic with combinations containing Haemophilus influenza type b vaccine, for which the immune response has been significantly blunted in some combinations.13... 

There are several combination vaccines available in the United States. One of the most popular pediatric combinations is Pediarix a combination of diphtheria and tetanus toxoids, acellular pertussis, inactivated poliovirus, and hepatitis B vaccines. ComVax is a combination of Haemophilus influenzae type b and hepatitis B vaccines. The most recent combination is ProQuad which contains measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella vaccines. The only combination available for adults is Twinrix which has hepatitis A and hepatitis B vaccines. 

Following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation the patient will need virtually all routine vaccines to be administered again however, the patient will not be able to mount an adequate response for 6 to 12 months post-transplant. Diphtheria, tetanus, acellular pertussis, Haemophilus influenzae type b, hepatitis B, pneumococcal, and inactivated poliovirus should be given at 12,14, and 24 months post-hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Inactivated influenza vaccine should be given yearly, starting 6 months after transplant. Measles, mumps and rubella can be given 2 years after transplant and varicella vaccine is contraindicated.16... 

Comvax Haemophilus b conjugate and hepatitis b vaccine Merck Vaccination against invasive Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) and hepatitis B... 

Link AJ et al. Identifying the major proteome components of Haemophilus influenzae type-strain NCTC 8143. Electrophoresis 1997 18 1314-1334. 

V. Verez-Bencomo, V. Femandez-Santana, E. Hardy, M. E. Toledo, M. C. Rodriguez, L. Heynngnezz, A. Rodriguez, A. Baly, L. Herrera, M. Izquierdo, A. Villar, Y. Valdes, et al., A synthetic conjugate polysaccharide vaccine against Haemophilus influenzae type b, Science, 305 (2004) 522-525. 

Anderson, P.W., Pichichero, M.E., Stein, E.C., Porcelli, S., Betts, R.F., Connuck, D.M., Korones, D., Insel, R.A., Zahradnik, J.M., and Eby, R. (1989) Effect of oligosaccharide chain length, exposed terminal group, and hapten loading on the antibody response of human adults and infants to vaccines consisting of Haemophilus influenzae type b capsular antigen uniterminally coupled to the diphtheria protein CRMI97./. Immunol. 142, 2464-2468. 

Haemophilus Influenzae type P4 6 wks 4weeks if first dose administered at age <12 months 8 weeks (as final dose) if first dose administered at age 12-14 months No further doses needed if first dose administered at age >15 months 4 weeks4 if current age <12 months 8 weeks (as final dose)4 if current age >12 months and second dose administered at age dose administered at age >15 months 8 weeks (as final dose) This dose only necessary for children aged 12 months-5 years who received 3 doses before age 12 months ... 

Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine (Hib). (Minimum age 6 weeks)... 

Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccines currently in use are conjugate products, consisting of either a polysaccharide or oligosaccharide of polyribosylribitol phosphate (PRP) covalently linked to a protein carrier. 

Haemophilus influenzae Type B Conjugate Vaccine Products ... 

Available killed vaccines include acellular pertussis, anthrax, botulism, cholera, diptheria, hepatitis A, hepatitis B, Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), influenza, Lyme disease, meningococcus, pertussis, plague, pneumococcus, polio, rabies, tetanus, typhoid, and typhoid VI. 

For the combination vaccine use the diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis (DTPa), inactivated polio (IPV) and Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) (Infanrix-Polio+H i ) vaccine (GlaxoSmithKline, Rixensart, Belgium). 

Trollfors B. Cost-benefit analysis of general vaccination against haemophilus influenzae type b in Sweden. Scand J Infect Dis 1994 26 611-14. 

Comvax (combination vaccine, containing rHBsAg produced in S. cerevisiae, as one component) Merck Vaccination of infants against Haemophilus influenzae type B and hepatitis B... 

Despite their popularity, aluminium-based adjuvants suffer from several drawbacks. They tend to effectively stimulate only the humoral arm of the immune response. They cannot be frozen or lyophylized, as either process promotes destruction of their gel-based structure. In addition, aluminium-based products display poor or no adjuvanticity when combined with some antigens (e.g. typhoid or Haemophilus influenzae type b capsular polysaccharides). 

Prophylaxis against relapses of rheumatic fever (secondary prevention of rheumatic heart disease) is discussed in Section II of this chapter. In most developed countries, national vaccination programs with vaccines against diphteria and Haemophilus influenzae type b have virtually eliminated the complications of diphteria and acute epiglottitis. 

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