Growth brain-derived neurotrophic factor

BDNF (brain-derived neurotrophic factor) is a neuro-trophin, i.e. a target-derived growth factor, which is expressed in the brain predominantly in the hippocampus. It acts through its tyrosine kinase receptor, trkB,... 

FIGURE 2 7-2 Neurotrophin receptors. Neurotrophin family members bind specifically to cognate Trk receptors. The low affinity neurotrophin receptor, p75, promiscuously binds all neurotrophins. BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor NGF, nerve growth factor NT, neurotrophin. 

Barrett GL, Georgiou A, Reid K, Bartlett PF, Leung D. 1998. Rescue of dorsal root sensory neurons by nerve growth factor and neurotrophin-3, but not brain-derived neurotrophic factor or neurotrophin-4, is dependent on the level of the p75 neurotrophin receptor. Neuroscience 85 1321-1328. 

Figure 2.8. Scheme of a chimeric peptide with examples for each of the distinct domains. 0X26, anti-rat transferrin receptor monoclonal antibody (mAh) 84-15, anti-human insulin receptor mAh cHSA, cationized human serum albumin VIP, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide DALDA, dermorphin analogue NGF, nerve growth factor BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor PNA, peptide nucleic acid (3-gal, (3-galactosidase. 

Many cytokines play a regulatory role in processes other that immunity and inflammation. Neurotrophic factors such as nerve growth factor (NGF) and brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) regulate growth, development and maintenance of various neural populations in the central and peripheral nervous system. Erythropoietin stimulates the production of red blood cells from erythroid precursors in the bone marrow. 

Yamada, K. et al. (2002). Role for brain derived neurotrophic factor in learning and memory. Life Sci. 70(7), 735-744. Yamada, M. et al. (1997). The neurotrophic action and signalling of epidermal growth factor. Progr. Neurobiol. 51(1), 19-37. 

The signaling mechanisms activated by neurotrophic factors, which include nerve growth factor (NGF), brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) are fundamentally different from those discussed for G protein-coupled receptors and Ca " (Russell and Duman 2002). The neurotrophic factors bind to specific receptors, TrkA, TrkB, and TrkC (the name Trk is derived from their identification as troponin/receptor kinases from colon carcinoma) (Fig. 2). The Trk receptors contain an extracellular binding domain, a transmembrane domain, and an intracellular tyrosine kinase domain. Two neurotrophic factor molecules are required for activation of a Trk receptor dimer, resulting in activation of the tyrosine kinase domains and phosphorylation of substrate proteins as well as autophosphorylation of the Trk receptor itself. 

Ampakines are drugs that potentiate currents mediated by AMPA-type glutamate receptors. In behavioral tests, ampakines are effective in correcting behaviors in various animal models of schizophrenia and depression. They protect neurons against neurotoxic insults, in part by mobilizing growth factors such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). 

Mohapel, P., Frielingsdorf, H., Haggblad, J., Zachrisson, O., Brundin, P. (2005). Platelet-Derived Growth Factor (PDGF-BB) and Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) induce striatal neurogenesis in adult rats with 6-hydroxydopamine lesions. Neuroscience, 132, 767-76. 

Growth cones are subject to both chemoattractant and chemorepellent effects of guidance molecules and also to attraction or repulsion resulting from cell cell-contacts. To complicate the picture further, the netrins and also the brain-derived neurotrophic factor BDNF (see Fig. 30-6D) may first attract, and then after a period of adaptation or desensitization, repel a growth cone.4 13 4 4 446 443 Consecutive phases of desensitization and resensitization may result in a zig zag path of... 

The role of neurotrophins in the pathogenesis of allergic disease and asthma has been appreciated only recently. Neurotrophins are a family of growth factors that have common receptors and physiologic effects and are the principal regulators of neuronal activity, differentiation and maintenance. In humans, there are at least four defined neurotrophins also termed NGFs. These polypeptides include NGF, neurotrophin 3 (NT-3), neurotrophin 4/5 (NT-4/5) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). They all act on a common group of tropomyosin-related tyrosine kinase (Trk) receptors. Neurotrophin receptors are expressed in the neurons of both the central and peripheral nervous systems. 

Nassenstein C, Braun A, Erpenbeck A, Lommatzsch M, et al. 2003. The neurotrophins nerve growth factors, brain derived neurotrophic factor, neurotrophin 3 and neurotrophin 4 are survival and activation factors for eosinophils in patients with allergic bronchial asthma. J Exp Med. 198 455-467. 

McCusker R. H., McCrea K., Zunich S., Dantzer R., Broussard S. R., Johnson R. W., and Kelley K. W. (2006). Insulin-like growth factor-I enhances the biological activity of brain-derived neurotrophic factor on cerebrocortical neurons. J. Neuroimmunol. 179 186-190. 

---