Neuro trophin

BDNF (brain-derived neurotrophic factor) is a neuro-trophin, i.e. a target-derived growth factor, which is expressed in the brain predominantly in the hippocampus. It acts through its tyrosine kinase receptor, trkB,... 

A continuous supply of a variety of polypeptide molecules known as neurotrophic factors (or neuro-trophins) is essential to the nervous systems of all vertebrates throughout development as well as in adult... 

Tyrosine phosphorylation plays an important role in synaptic transmission and plasticity. Evidence for this role is that modulators of PTKs and PTPs have been shown to be intimately involved in these synaptic functions. Among the various modulators of PTKs, neuro-trophins have been extensively studied in this regard and will be our focus in the following discussion (for details of growth factors, see Ch. 27). BDNF and NT-3 have been shown to potentiate both the spontaneous miniature synaptic response and evoked synaptic transmission in Xenopus nerve-muscle cocultures. Neurotrophins have also been reported to augment excitatory synaptic transmission in central synapses. These effects of neurotrophins in the neuromuscular and central synapses are dependent on tyrosine kinase activities since they are inhibited by a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, K-252a. Many effects of neurotrophins on synaptic functions have been attributed to the enhancement of neurotransmitter release BDNF-induced increase in neurotransmitter release is a result of induced elevation in presynaptic cytosolic calcium. Accordingly, a presynaptic calcium-depen-dent phenomenon - paired pulse facilitation - is impaired in mice deficient in BDNF. 

Hermigan, A., O Callaghan, R.M., Kelly, A.M. (2007). Neuro-trophins and their receptors roles inplasticity, neurodegeneration and neuroprotection. Soc. Trans. 35 424-7. 

Yeiser EC, Rutkoski NJ, Naito A, Inoue J, Carter BD (2004) Neuro-trophin signaling through the p75 receptor is deficient in traf6-/-mice. J Neurosci 24 10521-10529. 

Neumann H, Misgeld T, Matsumuro K, Wekerle H (1998) Neuro-trophins inhibit major histocompatibility class II inducibility of microglia Involvement of the p75 neurotrophin receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95 5779-5784. 

Corbett GT, Roy A, Pahan K (2013) Sodium phenylbutyrate enhances astrocytic neuro-trophin synthesis via protein kinase C (PKC)-mediated activation of cAMP-response element-binding protein (CREB) Implications for Alzheimer disease therapy. J Biol Chem 288 8299-8312... 

Thone-Reineke C, Neumann C, Namsolleck P et al (2008) The beta-lactam antibiotic, ceftriaxone, dramatically improves survival, increases glutamate uptake and induces neuro-trophins in stroke. J Hypertens 26 2426-2435... 

The administration of selected members of the neurotrophin family as well as other well-defined neurotrophic factors can prevent the death of lumbar motoneurons following axotomy. Brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neuro-trophin-3 (NT3), insulin-like growth factor (IGF), and to a lesser degree NGF, NT4-5 and ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), can rescue these cells from axotomy-induced death (Li et al.,... 

Tsoulfas, P. Soppet, D. Escandon, E. Tessarollo, L. Mendoza-Ramirez, J.L. Rosenthal, A. Nikolics, K. Parada, L.F. The rat trkC locus encodes multiple neurogenic receptors that exhibit differential response to neuro-trophin-3 in PC12 cells. Neuron, 10, 975-990 (1993)... 

Femandez-Sanchez, M.T. et al.. Inhibition of protein phosphatases induces IGF-l-blocked neuro-trophin-insensitive neuronal apoptosis, FEBSLett., 398, 106, 1996. 

The researchers named this sympathetic neuro-trophin nerve growth factor and found that it could be administered to newborn mice to promote supernormal development of the sympathetic nervous system. 

Hadlock, T, Sundback, C, Koka, R et al. 1999. A novel, biodegradable polymer conduit delivers neuro-trophins and promotes nerve regeneration. Laryngoscope 109(9) 1412-1416. 

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