Groundwater remediation using metal

Conca, J., Strietelmeier, Lu, N., Ware, S. D., Taylor, T. P., Kaszuba, J. Wright, J. 2002. Treatability study of reactive materials to remediate groundwater contaminated with radionuclides, metals, and nitrates in a four-component permeable reactive barrier. In Handbook of Groundwater Remediation Using Permeable Reactive Barriers. Elsevier Science, New York, 221-252. 

Naftz, D., Morrison, S.J., Fuller, C.C., and Davis, J.A. (Eds.), Handbook of Groundwater Remediation Using Permeable Reactive Barriers - Applications to Radionuclides, Trace Metals, and Nutrients . Academic Press, San Diego (2002). 

Morrison S. J., Carpenter C. E., Metzler D. R., Bartlett T. R., and Morris S. A. (2002) Design and performance of a permeable reactive barrier for containment of uranium, arsenic, selenium, vanadium, molybdenum, and nitrate at Monticello, Utah. In Handbook of Groundwater Remediation Using Permeable Reactive Barriers—Applications to Radionuclides, Trace Metals, and Nutrients (eds. D. L. Naftz, S. J. Morrison, J. A. Davis, and C. C. Fuller). Academic Press, San Diego, CA, pp. 371-399. 

Groundwater remediation is the often expensive process of restoring an aquifer after it has been contaminated, or at least limiting the ability of contaminants there to spread. In this chapter, we consider the widespread problem of the contamination of groundwater flows with heavy metals. We use reactive transport modeling to look at the reactions that occur as contaminated water enters a pristine aquifer, and those accompanying remediation efforts. 

Metal and metal-oxide nanoparticles have been proposed to water treatment, groundwater remediation and removal of toxic contaminants from air [13]. Their widespread use could expose biological systems, thorough inhalation, dermal contact or ingestion and absorption through the digestive tract. 

Metaltec is the 16-acre site of a small metal casing fabrication plant and includes an unlined lagoon used for dumping waste solvents from the plant s operations. The waste solvents contaminated both the soil and groundwater on site and were the focus of the remediation efforts. Four parcels of land on the site were originally identified for remedial action. Soil remediation was completed on three of the four parcels in prior... 

Tratnyek, P.G. (1996) Putting corrosion to use remediating contaminated groundwater with zero-valent metals. Chemistry Industry July 499-503... 

The INCA system can recover virtually any target metal in any aqueous waste stream containing up to 60% solids. Applications include on-site remediation of mining effluents and contaminated groundwater. The INCA system can also be used as an in-process treatment system for manufacturing processes where metals in solution are a problem. The modular unit can easily be used in tandem with other technologies, such as those that remove hydrocarbons, as part of a total treatment train. 

The process can be used to treat dissolved metals and is commonly used in groundwater treatment for the reduction and precipitation of hexavalent chromium, as well as in the oxidation of cyanide wastes (at concentrations up to 10%). Other potential applications of electrochemical treatment include remediation of arsenic, cadmium, molybdenum, aluminum, zinc,... 

Pool Process electrokinetic remediation (Pool Process) is a patented, commercially available technology for the removal of heavy metals and other ionic contaminants. The technology uses a series of electrodes placed in contaminated media to recover ionic contaminants in situ or ex situ from soils, muds, groundwater, dredgings, and other materials. The Pool Process can also be used to enhance bioremediation of media contaminated with a combination of ionic and nonionic organic contaminants. 

Fluor Daniel GTl, Inc. (now part of the IT Corporation), has developed in situ geochemical fixation technology to immobilize metallic contaminants in soil, sediment, sludge, and groundwater. The technology uses a site- and contaminant-specific combination of reagents to convert ionic contaminants to less soluble forms. In situ geochemical fixation has been used to remediate sites contaminated with chromium, uranium, molybdenum, and copper. 

VOCs), uranium, and heavy metals. There has been extensive research on various materials for use in PRBs. Metal-based PRBs are common because the reactive material is commercially available at low costs and has been effective on a variety of contaminants. Metal-based PRBs act as selective filters to contaminants and are being developed in response to the need for effective, low-cost technologies to remediate contaminated subsurface environments. The barriers are permeable to water and nontargeted groundwater constituents and impermeable or destructive to the target contaminant(s). 

Natural attenuation, often called intrinsic remediation, intrinsic bioremediation, bioattenuation, or monitored natural attenuation (MNA) is an in situ treatment technology for soil, sediment, or groundwater. The technology has been used for full-scale remediation of sites contaminated with volatile organic compounds (VOCs), total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH), chlorinated solvents, explosives, inorganics, and metals. 

Apatite, a natural calcium fluoride phosphate, can adsorb low to moderate levels of dissolved metals from soils, groundwater, and waste streams. Metals naturally chemically bind to the apatite, forming extremely stable phosphate phases of metal-substituted apatite minerals. This natural process is used by UFA Ventures, Inc., and is called phosphate-induced metals stabilization (PIMS). The PIMS material can by used in a packed bed, mixed with the contaminated media, or used as a permeable barrier. The material may be left in place, disposed of, or reused. It requires no further treatment or stabilization. Research is currently being conducted on using apatite to remediate soil and groundwater contaminated with heavy metals, and the technology may also be applicable to radionuclides. The technology is not yet commercially available. 

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