Ground water volume

Weaver, D.J. Sava, R.J. Zalkln, F. Oshlma, R.J. "Pesticide Movement to Ground Water, Volume I Survey of Ground Water Basins for DBCP, EDB, Slmazlne and Carbo-furan," California Department of Food and Agriculture, 1983, Sacramento, California 95814. 

USEPA, (1990). Ground Water Volume I Groundwater and Contamination. EPA/625/6-90/016a. 

Blowes DW, Mayer KU. An in situ permeable reactive barrier for the treatment of hexavalent chromium and trichloroethylene in ground water Volume 3, Mulitcomponent Reactive Transport Modeling, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA/600/R-99/095c, Ada, OK, 1999. 

Kassim TA, Simoneit BRT, Williamson KJ (2005) Forensic investigation of leachates from recycled solid wastes An environmental analysis approach. In Kassim TA, Williamson KJ (eds) Environmental Impact Assessment of Recycled Wastes on Surface and Ground Waters Volume 3 Concepts, Methodology and Chemical Analysis. Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, Water Pollution Series, Vol 5/Part F. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York 321-400... 

As shown in Fig. 3, CHEMGL considers 10 major well-mixed compartments air boundary layer, free troposphere, stratosphere, surface water, surface soil, vadose soil, sediment, ground water zone, plant foliage and plant route. In each compartment, several phases are included, for example, air, water and solids (organic matter, mineral matter). A volume fraction is used to express the ratio of the phase volume to the bulk compartment volume. Furthermore, each compartment is assumed to be a completely mixed box, which means all environmental properties and the chemical concentrations are uniform in a compartment. In addition, the environmental properties are assumed to not change with time. Other assumptions made in the model include continuous emissions to the compartments, equilibrium between different phases within each compartment and first-order irreversible loss rate within each compartment [38]. 

Eger, C. K. and Vargo, J. S., 1989, Prevention Ground Water Contamination at the Martha Oil Field, Lawrence and Johnson Counties, Kentucky In Environmental Concerns in the Petroleum Industry (edited by S. M. Testa), Pacific Section of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists Symposium Volume, pp. 83-105. 

Lundegard, R D. and Mudford, B. S., 1998, LNAPL Volume Calculation Parameter Estimation by Nonlinear Regression of Saturation Profiles Ground Water Monitoring Remediation, Vol. 18, No. 3, pp. 88-93. 

Testa, S. M. and Paczkowski, M. T., 1989, Volume Determination and Recoverability of Tree Hydrocarbon Ground Water Monitoring Review, Winter, Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 120-128. 

Water is among the most important compounds on earth. It is the main constituent of the hydrosphere, which along with the mantle, crust, and the atmosphere are the four components of our planet. It is present everywhere on earth and is essential for sustenance of life. Water also determines climate, weather pattern, and energy balance on earth. It also is one of the most abundant compounds. The mass of all water on earth is l.dxlO i kg and the total volume is about l.dxlO km, which includes 97.20% of salt water of oceans, 2.15% of fresh water in polar ice caps and glaciers, 0.009% in freshwater lakes, 0.008% in saline lakes, 0.62% as ground waters, 0.005% in soil moisture 0.0001% in stream channels and 0.001% as vapors and moisture in the atmosphere. 

Exposure to caprolactam, a monomer used in high volume, can occur in its manufacture and the manufacture of nylon 6. It has been detected in surface water, ground-water and drinking-water. 

The net result of evaporative isotopic fractionation of lake water is a water mass that is not in isotopic equilibrium with its water sources. Therefore, the isotopic composition of a lake water should plot below the LM WL, as shown in Figure 2. The line that passes through the isotopic composition of a lake water and its volume-weighted input from precipitation and ground-water is referred to as an evaporation line. This line represents the isotopic evolution of lake water from its source waters. The slope of an evaporation line is a function of humidity, temperature, and the isotopic composition of atmospheric moisture above the lake the slope generally ranges from about 3.5 to 6.0 (23). 

---