Ground water chlorinated hydrocarbons

U.S. EPA, Permeable Reactive Subsurface Barriers for the Interception and Remediation of Chlorinated Hydrocarbon and Chromium (VI) Plumes in Ground Water, Technical Report EPA-600-F-97-008, U.S. EPA, Washington, 1997. 

Conger, R. M. and Trichel, K., 1993, A Ground-Water Pumping Application for Remediation of a Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Plume with Horizontal Well Technology In Proceedings of the Seventh National Outdoor Action Conference and Exposition, Las Vegas, NV, National Ground Water Association, Dublin, OH, pp. 47-61. 

Barber LB, Thurman EM, Takahashi Y, et al. 1992. Comparison of purge and trap GC/MS and purgeable organic chloride analysis for monitoring volatile chlorinated hydrocarbons. Ground Water 30 836-842. 

Estimated costs of ECP treatment range from 0.20 to 20 per 1000 gal of contaminated ground-water treated (D19128Q, p. 1 D19129R, p. 1). Costs will vary depending on the contaminant treated, solids percent of the influent, and other site-specific variables. Operational costs for a site contaminated with 10 to 25 parts per million (ppm) in total hydrocarbons [chiefly chlorinated hydrocarbons or benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX)] were estimated to be 0.50 per 1000 gal of contaminated groundwater treated. This estimate does not include profit (D19413S). 

Lindquist (34) and his associates have applied Diesel oil containing DDT or other chlorinated hydrocarbons as a prehatching treatment for controlling snow-water mosquitoes. Late in the fail Lindquist applied several oil formulations containing chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides to swales and depressions that had produced mosquitoes in season. These oil formulations remained on the ground during the winter and when flooded with snow water proved toxic to the newly hatched mosquito larvae. A dosage of 2 pounds of DDT per acre (10 quarts of a 5% DDT-oil solution) prevented mosquito development in some instances for 2 years. 

Ahmed, M.T., Ismail, S.M.M., Mabrouk, S.S., 1998. Residues of some chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides in rain water, soil and ground water and their influence on some soil microorganisms. Environ. Int. 24, 665-670. 

Schwammlein K, Leitzke O. Field tests for the elimination of chlorinated hydrocarbon compounds in ground water by combined oxidation processes. Proceedings of 12th Ozone World Congress, Lille, France, 1995 325-336. 

Hindin and co-workers (4) reported on a survey of the Columbia Basin river, ground, and irrigation water for chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides and certain 2,4-D esters. Some of their samples contained aldrin and endrin in p.p.t. concentrations and less, but no dieldrin. 

Bjerg P. L., Riigge K., Cortsen J., Nielsen P. H., and Christensen T. H. (1999) Degradation of aromatic and chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons in the anaerobic part of the Grindsted Landfill leachate plume in situ microcosm and laboratory batch experiments. Ground Water "il, 113-121. 

A sonochemical reaction is an indirect way of conducting a thermochemical reaction. Ultrasound causes cavitation in liquids, elevating the temperature in microscopic cavities in the liquid, which promotes chemical reaction. There appears to be no commercial application of ultrasonic energy to conduct chemical reactions. Pandit and Moholkar [4] list several organic reactions conducted in the laboratory. A possible future application is the destruction of chlorinated hydrocarbons in wastewater or ground water [5]. 

Pesticides that modify water quality include chlorinated hydrocarbons and their related compounds, persistent heibicides, and insecticides directly applied to the soil, which could easily leach into the ground water, and pesticides used for vector s control at water surfaces. 

Chlorinated hydrocarbons are frequently encountered in ground-, drinking, and waste waters. A method for the detection of organic chlorides has been developed [6]. It makes use of the Fujiwara color reaction, which is a general assay for organic compounds that contain two or more chlorine atoms. Reaction of alkaline pyridine with polychlorinated organic compounds yields a red fluorescent chromophore whose formation is detected. The formation of the fluorophore is irreversible, so the device is a probe rather than a sensor. 

One of the first references to the discovery of pesticides other than chlorinated hydrocarbons in groundwater was by Richard etal. (1975). Inthelate 1970s, however, the number of detections increased rapidly, along with concern from public authorities about chemical contamination of ground-water. 

Chlorinated Hydrocarbons Short-chain alkyl halides find extensive use as solvents and are common contaminants of ground water. Polychlorinated biphenyls are global contaminants as a consequence of their extensive use and persistence. Chlorinated dioxins and furans are produced as combustion by products or contaminants in reactions with chlorophenols. Consequently, there has been considerable interest in defining the physical chemical properties that determine their environmental behavior. 

S Halogenated Compounds Many halogenated compounds, either because of their extensive use or their persistence are of environmental interest. The smaller, halogenated aliphatics have been used extensively and are common ground water contaminants," while the persistence of the PCBs and chlorinated dibenzo dioxins is well documented. Hydroxyl radicals are the more important oxidants in the vapor phase and the hydrocarbon structure determines the nature of the reaction. Second-order rate constants for some of these compounds are summarized in Table 6.27. 

Plagentz V, Ebert M, Dahmke A. (2006). Remediation of ground water containing chlorinated and brominated hydrocarbons benzene and chromate by sequential treatment using ZVI and GAC. Environmental Geology 49 684-695. 

Swanson, M. Wiedemeier, T. H. Mououx, D. E. Kampbell, D. H. Hansen, J. E. (1996) Patterns of natural attenuation of chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons at Cape Canaveral Air Station, Florida. In Proceedings of Symposium on Natural Attenuation of chlorinated Organics in Ground Water, Dallas, Texas, Sept. 1996, EPA/540/R-96/ 509, pp.168. 

The rate of volatilization will also increase with an increase in temperature. tenHulscher et al. (1992) studied the temperature dependence of Hemy s law constants for three chlorobenzenes, three chlorinated biphenyls and six polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons. They observed that over the temperature range of 10 to 55°C, Henry s law constant was doubled for every 10°C increase in temperature. This temperature relationship should be considered when assessing the role of chemical volatihzation from large surface water bodies whose temperatures are generally higher than those typically observed in ground-water. 

Rey et al. ° removed chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbon from a pharmaceutical plant by stripping the chlorinated hydrocarbons with air and then adsorbing in activated carbon beds. The removal of chlorinated volatile organic compounds such as trichloroethane, cis, and trans dichloroethane from ground water contaminated with these nonaqueous liquids was carried out by Yu et al." using activated carbon fibers. All the halogenated compounds were adsorbed rapidly by the activated carbon... 

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