Graphene nanocomposites, reinforced

Graphene nanoplatelet reinforced semi-crystal PEN nanocomposites have been prepared by twin-screw extrusion [51]. The graphene may act as nucleating agents but they decrease the whole crystallinity of the GN nanocomposites. 

Tailoring the properties of polymers with the inclusion of nanometric carbon depends on many factors. Among them, the parameters most taken into account are (a) the size, structure and distribution of the nanofiller in the matrix and (b) the interface between the nanofillers and the matrix. This chapter focuses mainly on the effects that functionalization and concentration of nanofillers have in the storage modulus and tribological properties of polymer nanocomposites reinforced with NDs, CNTs and graphene, describing briefly the hardness and scratching performance achieved in these nanocomposites. 

C. Rodriguez-Gonzalez, A.L. Martinez-Herndndez, V.M. Castano, O.V Kharissova, R.S. Ruoff, and C. Velasco-Santos, Polysaccharide nanocomposites Reinforced with graphene oxide and keratin-grafted graphene oxide. Industrial Engineering and Chemistry Research, 51 (3), 619-29,2012. 

Shuai C, Feng P, Gao C, Shuai X, Xiao T, Peng S. Graphene oxide reinforced poly (vinyl alcohol) nanocomposite scaffolds for tissue engineering applications. RSC Adv 2015 5 25416-23. 

Rodriguez-Gonzalez C, Martinez-Hernandez AL, Castano VM, Kharissova OV, Ruoff RS, Velasco-Santos C (2012). Polysaccharide nanocomposites reinforcer with graphene oxide and keratin-grafted graphene oxide. Ind Eng Chem Res, 51,3619-3629. 

J. Liang, Y. Huang, L. Zhang, Y. Wang, Y. Ma, T. Guo, et al., Molecular-level dispersion of graphene into poly(vinyl alcohol) and effective reinforcement of their nanocomposites, Advanced Functional Materials, 19 (2009) 2297-2302. 

Recently, nanostructured carbon-based fillers such as Ceo [313,314], single-wall carbon nanotubes, carbon nanohorns (CNHs), carbon nanoballoons (CNBs), ketjenblack (KB), conductive grade and graphitized carbon black (CB) [184], graphene [348], and nanodiamonds [349] have been used to prepare PLA-based composites. These fillers enhance the crystalUza-tion ofPLLA [184,313,314].Nanocomposites incorporating fibrous MWCNTsandSWCNTs are discussed in the section on fibre-reinforced plastics (section 8.12.3). 

Molecular-level dispersion of graphene into polyvinyl alcohol) and effective reinforcement of their nanocomposites. Adv. FuncL... 

Carbon-based polymer nano composites represent an interesting type of advanced materials with structural characteristics that allow them to be applied in a variety of fields. Functionalization of carbon nanomaterials provides homogeneous dispersion and strong interfacial interaction when they are incorporated into polymer matrices. These features confer superior properties to the polymer nanocomposites. This chapter focuses on nanodiamonds, carbon nanotubes and graphene due to their importance as reinforcement fillers in polymer nanocomposites. The most common methods of synthesis and functionalization of these carbon nanomaterials are explained and different techniques of nanocomposite preparation are briefly described. The performance achieved in polymers by the introduction of carbon nanofillers in the mechanical and tribological properties is highlighted, and the hardness and scratching behavior of the nanocomposites are also discussed. 

C. Bao, Y. Guo, L. Song, Y. Kan, X. Qian, and Y. Hu, fii situ preparation of functionalized graphene oxide/epoxy nanocomposites with effective reinforcements, Journal of Materials Chemistry, 21 (35), 13290-13298,2011. 

Recent investigations upon freely-suspended thin-layer M0S2 sheets has found that the material has a surprisingly high Young s modulus, =0.33 TPa which is lower than that of graphene with =1.0 TPa but higher than for many other 2D materials. It implies that the material may therefore have considerable potential as reinforcement in nanocomposites. 

The mechanical properties of nanocomposites based upon a thermoplastic polyurethane filled with BN, M0S2, and WS2 have been investigated by Coleman et al. as shown in Fig. 13. They showed that there were substantial levels of reinforcement upon the addition of these 2D nanocrystals that were comparable to the best results achieved using graphene or nanoclays as fillers. 

NR composites and nanocomposites can be fabricated by three main techniques, namely latex compounding, solution mixing and melt blending. A variety of nanofillers, such as carbon black, silica, carbon nanotubes, graphene, calcium carbonate, organomodified clay, reclaimed rubber powder, recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate) powder, cellulose whiskers, starch nanocrystals, etc. have been used to reinforce NR composites and nanocomposites over the past two decades. In this chapter, we discuss the preparation and properties of NR composites and nanocomposites from the viewpoint of nanofillers. We divide nanofillers into four different types conventional fillers, natural fillers, metal or compound fillers and hybrid fillers, and the following discussion is based on this classification. 

Bora et al. [63] prepared nanocomposites based on graphene oxide (GO) and unsaturated polyester resin (UPR). They verified that the incorporation of 3 wt% of GO improved the major degradation temperature of polyester from 230 to 285 °C. This improvement in thermal stability was attributed to the strong interaction between GO and UPR which restricts the mobility of the polymer matrix segments at the interface. The interaction may be attributed to the formation of hydrogen bonding between oxygen functionality on reinforcement and polymer or probably dipolar interactions between the two components. 

The synthetic mbber is widely used, this type of elastomer have important properties and numerous application due to stability. These properties are favored when the synthetic mbber is reinforced with organic nanoparticle as carbon nanombes, nanofibers, graphene, and fuUerene, among other [78-80]. These may or may not be modified nanofiUers surface for subsequent incorporation in the matrix, promoting greater interaction between inorganic nanofillers and polymeric matrix, thus improving the thermal stability of the nanocomposite etc. [81, 82]. 

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