Granulomatous

Cytokines, eg, interferons, interleukins, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and certain growth factors, could have antitumor activity directiy, or may modulate cellular mechanisms of antitumor activity (2). Cytokines may be used to influence the proliferation and differentiation of T-ceUs, B-ceUs, macrophage—monocyte, myeloid, or other hematopoietic cells. Alternatively, the induction of interferon release may represent an important approach for synthetic—medicinal chemistry, to search for effective antiinflammatory and antifibrotic agents. Inducers of interferon release may also be useful for lepromatous leprosy and chronic granulomatous disease. The potential cytokine and cytokine-related therapeutic approaches to treatment of disease are summarized in Table 4. A combination of cytokines is a feasible modaUty for treatment of immunologically related diseases however, there are dangers inherent in such an approach, as shown by the induction of lethal disserninated intravascular coagulation in mice adrninistered TNF-a and IFN-y. 

Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis a group of respiratory diseases that cause inflammation of the lung (specifically granulomatous cells). Most forms of... 

Myositis may also have an infective basis. Viral myositis has been recorded in association with influenza and picomavirus infections, particularly those due to viruses of the Coxsackie group, and HIV infection is an increasingly common cause of myositis seen in routine practice. Fungal, bacterial, and parasitic myositis is seen much more rarely in North America and Europe than in tropical parts of the world, but in these regions these forms of infective myositis constitute a significant problem. In any survey of inflammatory muscle disorders, it is also necessary to consider other inflammatory conditions which affect muscle indirectly, but do not cause myositis in the strict sense of the word. In this group are to be found various forms of arteritis and fascitis and granulomatous conditions such as sarcoidosis. 

The granulomatous variant of rosacea is characterized by papular and nodular lesions that affect the cheeks and periorificial areas (Figs. i7.9> 1710,1711 and 17.12). 

Testes from the males examined 43 days after the 8-D treatment appeared normal. However, the epididymis was involved in an inflammatory process with sperm granulomas formation. The granulomatous epididymal lesion resembled the lesion seen in auto-immune reaction following bacterial infections or tissue response to foreign bodies (16, 17,... 

NADPH-oxidase j 2O2 + NADPH 20p + NADP -F H+ Key component of the respiratory burst Deficient in chronic granulomatous disease... 

Mutations in the Genes for Components of the NADPH Oxidase System Cause Chronic Granulomatous Disease... 

Figure 52-7. Simplified scheme of the sequence of events involved in the causation of chronic granulomatous disease (MIM 306400). Mutations in any of the genes for the four polypeptides involved (two are components of cytochrome b55gand two are derived from the cytoplasm) can cause the disease. The polypeptide of 91 kDa is encoded by a gene in the X chromosome approximately 60% of cases of chronic granulomatous disease are X-linked, with the remainder being inherited in an autosomal recessive fashion.

Leukocytes are activated on exposure to bacteria and other stimuh NADPH oxidase plays a key role in the process of activation (the respiratory burst). Mutations in this enzyme and associated proteins cause chronic granulomatous disease. 

Interferon-/ 143 amino acids, glycosylated E. coli Chronic granulomatous disease Approved for sale In clinical trials for treatment of cancer and viral diseases... 

Babior, B.M. and Woodman, R.C. (1990). Chronic granulomatous disease. Semin. Flematol. 27, 247-259. 

Emmendorffer, A., Roesler, J., Eisner, J., Raeder, E., Lohmann-Mathes, M.L. and Meier, B. (1993). Production of oxygen radicals by fibroblasts and neutrophils from a patient with x-linked chronic granulomatous disease. Eur. J. Haematol. 51, 223—227. 

Chronic granulomatous disease is a rare inherited disorder characterized by the failure of neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes and macrophages to produce the respiratory burst (Curnutte and Babior, 1987) this leads to recurrent bacterial and fungal infections often starting within the first year of life. 

Prednisone 20-40 mg enterally daily or equivalent if lymphoma or granulomatous disease-related... 

Painful shallow ulcers with granulomatous bases and purulent exudates. 

Gao J-L, Wynn TA, Chang Y, et al. Imparted host defense, hematopoiesis, granulomatous inflammation and type 1-type 2 cytokine balance in mice lacking CC chemokine receptor 1. J Exp Med 1997 185 1959-1968. 

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