Goats feeding

Cannas A, Pulina G and Francesconi A H D 2008 Dairy Goats Feeding and Nutrition, NaWing-ford, CABL... 

A large collection of calculi was studied by Thomas Taylor, who pointed out that Fourcroy and Vauquelin s resine animale bezoardique in bezoar stones was really derived from the resinous parts of plants on which the wild goat feeds it had been called Bezoarstoff by J. F. John, Bezoarsaure by A. Lipo-witz, lithofellic acid by Gobel, and resino-bezoardic acid by Taylor. Another kind examined by Taylor and by Merklein and Wohler consists of ellagic acid. ... 

Many species of mminants exist worldwide (1). The feeds and feed additives common to U.S. agriculture for the nutrition and management of domesticated mminant animals, ie, catde, sheep, and goats, are discussed hereia. 

Sulfonylurea herbicides are generally applied to crops as an early post-emergent herbicide. Crops that are tolerant to these herbicides quickly metabolize them to innocuous compounds. At maturity, residues of the parent compound in food and feed commodities are nondetectable. Metabolites are not considered to be of concern, and their levels are usually nondetectable also. For this reason, the residue definition only includes the parent compound. Tolerances [or maximum residue limits (MRLs)] are based on the LOQ of the method submitted for enforcement purposes and usually range from 0.01 to 0.05 mg kg (ppm) for food items and up to O.lmgkg" for feed items. There is no practical need for residue methods for animal tissues or animal-derived products such as milk, meat, and eggs. Sulfonylurea herbicides are not found in animal feed items, as mentioned above. Furthermore, sulfonylurea herbicides intentionally dosed to rats and goats are mostly excreted in the urine and feces, and the traces that are absorbed are rapidly metabolized to nontoxic compounds. For this reason, no descriptions of methods for animal-derived matrices are given here. 

Rozman K, Rozman T, Smith GS. 1984. Liquid paraffins in feed enhance fecal excretion of mirex and DDE from body stores of lactating goats and cows. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 34(1) 27-36. 

A number of measures have been taken to contain BSE. Thousands of cattle have been culled and there are controls prohibiting the feeding of mammalian proteins to ruminant animals (cows, sheep, and goats). There are also surveillance programs set up to monitor CJD in humans. 

Browsers such as mule deer, 0. hcmionus, have proUne-rich salivary proteins that bind tannins this enables them to feed on tanniniferous plants (Robbins etal, 1991). By contrast, grazers such as sheep and cattle do not possess tanninbinding proteins (Austin etal, 1989 Robbins etal, 1991), and neither do mixed feeders such as goats (Distel and Provenza, 1991). Rat and mouse saliva also contain proline-rich proteins that bind tannins. In human saliva, about 70% of total protein is rich in proline (Fig. 11.9) (Mehansho etal, 1987). 

Weldon, P. J., Graham, D. P., and Mears, L. P. (1993). Carnivore fecal chemicals suppress feeding by alpine goats (Capra hircus). Journal of Chemical Ecology 19,2947-2952. 

Apparently the acceleration of de novo purine biosynthesis by orotic acid results from a release of feedback inhibition imposed by hepatic purine nucleotides. In a related study, it was found that orotic acid feeding can prevent hyperlipaemia, which normally follows the administration of Triton WR-1339, a surface active agent [152]. The influence of orotic acid on lipid metabolism can be readily shown by the fact that depression of serum lipoproteins and milk production were observed in lactating goats when an aqueous suspension of orotic acid was administered orally [164]. 

Other frozen dairy products. Although milk may become frozen inadvertently, freezing is not a common commercial practice. However, concentrated or unconcentrated milks are sometimes frozen commercially, e.g. to supply remote locations (as an alternative to dried or UHT milk), to store sheep s or goats milk, production of which is seasonal, or human milk for infant feeding in emergencies (milk banks). 

Milk contains about 0.1 mg niacin per 100 g and thus is not a rich source of the preformed vitamin. Tryptophan contributes roughly 0.7 mg NE per 100 g milk. In milk, niacin exists primarily as nicotinamide and its concentration does not appear to be affected greatly by breed of cow, feed, season or stage of lactation. Pasteurized goats (0.3 mg niacin and 0.7 mg NE from tryptophan per 100 g) and raw sheep s (0.4 mg niacin and 1.3 mg NE from tryptophan per 100 g) milk are somewhat richer than cows milk. Niacin levels in human milk are 0.2 mg niacin and 0.5 mg NE from tryptophan per 100 g. The concentration of niacin in most dairy products is low (Appendix 6A) but is compensated somewhat by tryptophan released on hydrolysis of the proteins. 

Neomycin is administered orally for treatment of bacterial infections of cattle, sheep, pigs, goats, and poultry at a dosage of 10 mg/kg bw. It is also used as a feed additive for growth-promoting purposes. Neomycin is further available alone or in combination with other drugs such as oxytetracycline, oleandomycin, lincomycin, and prednisolone, in intramammary formulations for treatment of mastitis. There has been relatively little clinical use of neomycin parenterally in animals because of the compound s reported nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity. 

Chloramphenicol is a highly active antibiotic that was first isolated from cultures of Streptomyces venezuelae but is now produced synthetically. It is unique among natural compounds in that it contains a nitrobenzene moiety. Chloramphenicol has been used both in treatment and prophylactically in food-producing animals for over 40 years, administered orally with the feed or drinking water to poultry, veal calves, swine, sheep, and lambs, and intramuscularly or intravenously to sheep, goats, pigs, and calves at a dosage of 2-4 mg/kg bw. In several countries, chloramphenicol has been also used in fish for the treatment of furunculoses on salmonids (22). 

Lincomydn is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces lincolnensis. It is used in monopreparations or in combination with other antibiotics such as spectinomycin, sulfamethazine, and gentamicin, for the initial treatment of mild to moderate staphylococcal infections in a variety of animal species. It can be administered orally to poultry at dosages equivalent to up to 50 mg/kg hw/day for up to 7 days, and to swine at dosages equivalent to up to 10 mg/kg bw/day for up to 21 days. In calves, sheep, goats, and swine, it can be administered intramuscularly at dosages of up to 15 mg/kg bw/day for up to 4-7 days. It is also added in feeds for growth-promoting purposes. 

Thiophanate is a synthetic antinematodal pro-benzimidazole drug intended for oral administration in form of a feed additive, drench, or bolus to cattle, sheep, swine, and goats. Recommended dosages are either 6-7 mg/kg bw/day for at least 14 days in the feed or 50-60 mg/kg bw as a single oral dose. Thiophanate is considered a nontoxic benzimidazole. 

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