Glycerol alcohol derivation

From all these papers, it appears that the geographical characterization of wine is possible when metabolite profiling is used and moreover, it seems that glycerol, alcoholic derivates, and in few cases organic acids could contribute to discrimination between samples when the considered areas are near each other. Conversely, when very different geographical locations are concerned, sugars play the dominant role. 

Fatty acid esters contain the structure R CO—ORg. Ri is a fatty acid residue, whereas Rg may be the residue of one of the many alcohols found in nature, e.g., glycerol, alcohols derived from fatty acids by reduction, etc. 

Properties Colorless, crystalline solid. Mp 80C. Hygroscopic soluble in water and alcohol. Derivation Action of sorbose bacterium on glycerol. 

Properties Colorless to yellowish liquid pleasant odor. D 0.873, bp 167. Soluble in alcohol and ether insoluble in water and glycerol. Combustible. Derivation Heating absolute alcohol and n-caproic acid in the presence of sulfuric acid, with subsequent distillation. 

The major problem of the direct carbonatation of alcohols is of course the formation of water and the unfavorable thermodynamics of the process. Attempts to overcome this problem include the addition of water-trapping agents or start from alcohol derivatives such as ortho esters. A number of such experiments have been carried out under conditions considerably beyond the critical data of pure CO2 [88]. The presence of the supercritical phase as a solvent was explicitly addressed in the synthesis of glycerol carbonate from glycerol and CO2 [89]. The tin-catalyzed conversion of trimethyl ortho ester to dimethyl carbonate in SCCO2 occurred with up to ca. 30 catalytic turnovers, whereby the highest yields and selectivities were observed in the vicinity of the critical pressure of pure CO2 [90]. 

It was found as early as the middle of the 19th century that oxidation of alcohols to aldehydes and acids with molecular oxygen is catalyzed by platinum metals, but these reactions have been comparatively little studied. After the pioneering work of Heyns et al. [1,2] most of the reports in the open literature were published by a small number of research groups at Eindhoven [3-24], Delft [25-39], Zurich [40-56], and Villeurbanne [57-68], and the oxidation of glycerol and derivatives was studied by Kimura [69-74]. A few review papers were devoted to the liquid-phase oxidation of alcohols and carbohydrates on metal catalysts [31,48, 75-77]. 

Oxidation of Primary Alcohols Oxidation of Glycerol and Derivatives... 

On acetylation it gives acetanilide. Nitrated with some decomposition to a mixture of 2-and 4-nitroanilines. It is basic and gives water-soluble salts with mineral acids. Heating aniline sulphate at 190 C gives sulphanilic add. When heated with alkyl chlorides or aliphatic alcohols mono- and di-alkyl derivatives are obtained, e.g. dimethylaniline. Treatment with trichloroethylene gives phenylglycine. With glycerol and sulphuric acid (Skraup s reaction) quinoline is obtained, while quinaldine can be prepared by the reaction between aniline, paraldehyde and hydrochloric acid. 

These derivatives are generally liquids and hence are of little value for characterisation the polyhydric alcohols, on the other hand, afford solid benzoates. Thus the benzoates of ethylene glycol, trimethylene glycol and glycerol melt at 73°, 58°, and 76° respectively (see Section 111,136). 

Suitable protective coUoids for the preparation of acryhc suspension polymers include ceUulose derivatives, polyacrylate salts, starch, poly(vinyl alcohol), gelatin, talc, clay, and clay derivatives (95). These materials are added to prevent the monomer droplets from coalescing during polymerisation (110). Thickeners such as glycerol, glycols, polyglycols, and inorganic salts ate also often added to improve the quahty of acryhc suspension polymers (95). 

Starters. Nearly any compound having an active hydrogen can be used as starter (initiator) for the polymerization of PO. The common types are alcohols, amines, and thiols. Thus in Figure 2 ROH could be RNH2 or RSH. The fiinctionahty is derived from the starter, thus glycerol results in a triol. Some common starters are shown in Table 4. The term starter is preferred over the commonly used term initiator because the latter has a slightly different connotation in polymer chemistry. Table 5 Hsts some homopolymer and copolymer products from various starters. 

The newer HFC refrigerants are not soluble in or miscible with mineral oils or alkylbenzenes. The leading candidates for use with HFC refrigerants are polyol ester lubricants. These lubricants are derived from a reaction between an alcohol and a normal or branched carboxyflc acid. The most common alcohols used are pentaerythritol, trimethylolpropane, neopentjlglycol, and glycerol. The acids are usually selected to give the correct viscosity and fluidity at low temperatures. 

The most important derivatives of the carboxyl group are formed by esterification with monohydric or polyhydric alcohols. Typical alcohols used iaclude methyl alcohol, ethylene glycol, glycerol, and pentaerythritol. These rosia esters have a wide range of softening poiats and compatibiUties. 

From Allyl Alcohol. The reaction of allyl alcohol [107-18-6] with chlorine and water gives a mixture of glycerol m on ochl orohydrin s consisting of 73% 3-chloropropane-l,2-diol and 27% of 2-chloropropane-l,3-diol (57). In a recycle reaction system in which allyl alcohol is fed as a 4.5—5.5 wt % solution, chlorine is added at a rate of 7—9 moles per hour. The reaction time is about five seconds, the reaction temperature 50—60°C and the recycle ratio is 10—20 1. Under these conditions m on ochl orohydrin s have been obtained in 88% yield with 9% dichlorohydrins (58) (see Allyl ALCOHOL AND DERIVATIVES). 

Polymeric Calcium Phosphate Cements. Aqueous solutions of polymers such as poly(acryHc acid), poly(vinyl alcohol), gelatin, etc, and/or autopolymerizable monomer systems, eg, 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, glycerol dimethacrylate, calcium dimethacrylate, etc, have been used as Hquid vehicles (41,42,76) for the self-setting calcium phosphate cement derived from tetracalcium phosphate and dicalcium phosphate [7757-93-9J. 

Acetonide formation is the most commonly used protection for 1,2- and 1,3-diols. The acetonide has been used extensively in carbohydrate chemistry to mask selectively the hydroxyls of the many different sugars. In preparing ace-tonides of triols, the 1,2-derivative is generally favored over the 1,3-derivative which in turn is favored over the 1,4-derivative, but the extent to which the 1,2-acetonide is favored is dependent upon the structure of the triol. Note that the 1,2-selectivity for the ketal from 3-pentanone is better than that from acetone. Its greater lipophilicity also improves the isolation of the ketals of small alcohols such as glycerol. ... 

Precursor and derived lipids These include fatty acids, glycerol, steroids, other alcohols, fatty aldehydes, and ketone bodies (Chapter 22), hydrocarbons, hpid-soluble vitamins, and hormones. 

Supplement 1941 1-161 Derivatives. Methyl alcohol, 273. Ethyl alcohol, 292. Ethyl ether, 314. Glycerol, 502. Carbonyl Compounds Aldehydes, Ketones, Ketencs and Derivatives. Formaldehyde, 558. Acetaldehyde, 635. Acetone, 635. Ketene, 724. Hydroxy-Carbonyl Compounds Aldehyde-Alcohols, Ketone-Alcohols, Monosaccharides and Derivatives. Glycolaldehyde, 817. Aldol, 824. Pentoses, 858. Hexoses, 878. 

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