Glucose elevation

In these examples, precursors of the enzyme-catalysed reaction act as feed-forward inhibitors (AMP for PFK and citrate for FBPase). The plenty signal F26BP (elevated as a result of the precursor elevated blood glucose conditions) also activates PFK. Conversely, down the track , end products act as feedback inhibitors (ATP and citrate for PFK and F26BP - that can be loosely seen as an end product of blood glucose elevation by gluconeogenesis - for FBPase). 

Miglitol is an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor that inhibits intestinal enzymes that digest carbohydrates, thereby reducing carbohydrate digestion after meals, which lowers postprandial glucose elevation in diabetics. It is used in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) who have failed dietary therapy. It may be used alone or in combination with sulfonylureas. 

The blood glucose-elevating effects of glucagon may be reduced by propranolol. 

In the oral glucose tolerance test in rats, after oral administration of 100 mg/kg of the compounds E,Z-senegasaponins a or b, a reduction in plasma glucose levels was observed (Yoshikawa et al. 1995). Similar inhibition of glucose elevation was observed after animals were administered E,Z-senegins II, III, and IV and E,Z-senegasaponin c (Yoshikawa et al. 1996). 

Insulin and Amylin. Insulin is a member of a family of related peptides, the insulin-like growth factors (IGFs), including IGF-I and IGF-II (60) and amylin (75), a 37-amino acid peptide that mimics the secretory pattern of insulin. Amylin is deficient ia type 1 diabetes meUitus but is elevated ia hyperinsulinemic states such as insulin resistance, mild glucose iatolerance, and hypertension (33). Insulin is synthesized ia pancreatic P cells from proinsulin, giving rise to the two peptide chains, 4. and B, of the insulin molecule. IGF-I and IGF-II have stmctures that are homologous to that of proinsulin (see INSULIN AND OTHER ANTIDIABETIC DRUGS). 

The catalytic hydrogenation of D-glucose to D-sorbitol is carried out at elevated temperature and pressure with hydrogen ia the preseace of nickel catalysts, in both batch and continuous operations, with >97% yield (56,57). The cathodic reduction of D-glucose to L-sorbitol has been practiced (58). D-Mannitol is a by-product (59). 

Ruthenium is excellent for hydrogenation of aliphatic carbonyl compounds (92), and it, as well as nickel, is used industrially for conversion of glucose to sorbitol (14,15,29,75,100). Nickel usually requires vigorous conditions unless large amounts of catalyst are used (11,20,27,37,60), or the catalyst is very active, such as W-6 Raney nickel (6). Copper chromite is always used at elevated temperatures and pressures and may be useful if aromatic-ring saturation is to be avoided. Rhodium has given excellent results under mild conditions when other catalysts have failed (4,5,66). It is useful in reduction of aliphatic carbonyls in molecules susceptible to hydrogenolysis. 

The control of glucose oxidase production is still not fully eluddated, nor is the role of gluconic add in cells. However, elevated levels of glucose oxidase are found in conditions of high glucose concentrations and above normal oxygen tension. 

The molecular pathology of the (3-cell destruction in the course of insulin resistance is largely unknown. It has been suggested that the constant hyperstimulation of the (3-cell by glucose ( glucose toxicity ) or elevated fatty acids ( lipotoxicity ) may lead to cell damage. 

Elevated level of glucose in the blood. Diabetes Mellitus... 

Insulin resistance occurs when the normal response to a given amount of insulin is reduced. Resistance of liver to the effects of insulin results in inadequate suppression of hepatic glucose production insulin resistance of skeletal muscle reduces the amount of glucose taken out of the circulation into skeletal muscle for storage and insulin resistance of adipose tissue results in impaired suppression of lipolysis and increased levels of free fatty acids. Therefore, insulin resistance is associated with a cluster of metabolic abnormalities including elevated blood glucose levels, abnormal blood lipid profile (dyslipidemia), hypertension, and increased expression of inflammatory markers (inflammation). Insulin resistance and this cluster of metabolic abnormalities is strongly associated with obesity, predominantly abdominal (visceral) obesity, and physical inactivity and increased risk for type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular and renal disease, as well as some forms of cancer. In addition to obesity, other situations in which insulin resistance occurs includes... 

Report elevated glucose levels to the primary health care provider as soon as possible because an adjustment in the dosage of insulin or oral hypoglycemic drug3 may be necessary. 

Loop and thiazide diuretics patients with diabetes mellitus Blood glucometer test results for glucose may be elevated (blood) or the urine positive for glucose Contact the primary health care provider if results of home testing of blood glucose levels increase or if urine tests positive for glucose... 

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