Gluconacetobacter

C. Martinez-Fleites, M. Ortiz-Lombardia, T. Pons, N. Tarbouriech, E. J. Taylor, J. G. Arrieta, L. Hernandez, and G. J. Davies, Crystal structure of levansucrase from the Gram-negative bacterium Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus, Biochem. J., 390 (2005) 19-27. 

Apart from plants, certain bacteria, algae, and fungi produce cellulose as well. Amongst the cellulose-forming bacteria, Acetobacter strains - reclassified as the genus Gluconacetobacter - are especially suitable for the formation of cellulose. They are not pathogenic, are commonly found on fruits and fruit products, and can be cultivated under laboratory conditions. 

Gluconacetobacter xylinus to optimize cellulose formation on the laboratory-scale [12]. As a result of systematic and comprehensive research over the last 10-15 years, broad knowledge of the formation and structure of BC has been acquired. This work is an important part of the integration of biotechnological methods into polysaccharide chemistry and the development of cellulose products with new properties and application potential. 

Yamanaka et al. [37] described the influence of bioactive organic agents such as nalidixic acid and chloramphenicol (antibiotics) as well as dithio-threitol (a reducing reagent) as additives to the BC culture medium. In this case, not only the crystallization of the fibers and the material properties are influenced but the Gluconacetobacter cells are themselves also changed. 

Fig. 13 Scheme of BASYC tube formation by Gluconacetobacter xylinus (former Aceto-bacter xylinus) (DSM 14666) starting from glucose [65]... 

Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus PAL 5. I a proteobacteria (AF030414) Burididderia sp. STM678 I p proteobacteria (AJ302315)... 

Pan, B., and Vessey, J. K. (2001). Response of the endophytic diazotroph Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus on sohd media to changes in atmospheric partial O2 pressure. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 67, 4694- 700. 

Keshk, S.M.A.S. Haija, M.A. A new method for produeing microcrystaUine eeUulose from Gluconacetobacter xylinus and kenaf. Carbohydr. Polym. 2011,84 (4), 1301-1305. 

Castro, C., Vesterinen, A., Zuluaga, R., Caro, G., Filpponen, 1., Rojas, 0. J., Kortaberria, G., and Ganan, P. (2014). In situ production of nanocomposites of poly(vinyl alcohol) and cellulose nanofibrils from Gluconacetobacter bacteria Effect of chemical crosslinking. Cellulose, in Press. 

Nanocellulose, such as that produced by the bacteria Gluconacetobacter xylinus (bacterial cellulose, BC), is an emerging biomaterial with great potential in several applications. The performance of bacterial cellulose stems from its high purity, ultra-fine network structure and high mechanical properties in the dry state [114]. These features allow its applications in scaffold for tissue regeneration, medical applications and nanocomposites. A few researchers have used bacterial cellulose mats to reinforce polymeric matrices and scaffolds with wound healing properties [115-121]. BC is pure cellulose made by bacterial fabrication via biochemical... 

Fig. 2.1 SEM micrograph of a freeze dried bacterial cellulose showing the coherent nanofiber network synthesized by the Gluconacetobacter bacteria [13]...

Microbial cellulose is an exopolysaccharide produced by various species of bacteria, such as those of the genera Gluconacetobacter (formerly Acetobacter), Agrobacterium, Aerobacter, Achromobacter, Azptobacter, Rhizobium, Sarcina, and Salmonella [5]. 

Cellulose was defined as a chemical substance related to polysaccharides in 1838 thanks to the works of French chemist Anselme Payen, who isolated it from plant matter and determined its chemical formula (Payen, 1838). Cellulose is the most abundant organic matter on Earth. Total resources of cellulose in nature reach one trillion tons (Klemm et al., 2005). Moreover, being renewable in nature, a mass of this biopolymer increases by approximately 100 billion tons annually as a result of photobiosynthesis (Field et al., 1998). Cellulose is present in all plants and algae cellulose of the tunicin type forms the shells of certain marine creatures, and it is also synthesized by some microorganisms, for example, Gluconacetobacter xylinus. 

Keywords Bacterial nanocellulose, Gluconacetobacter xylinus, production conditions, applications... 

Synthecel Depuy Cellulose Biosynthesized by Gluconacetobacter xylinus Nonadhesive Biosynthesized cellulose and water... 

Matsutani, M., Hirakawa, H., Yakushi, T., Matsushita, K. (2011). Genome-wide phylogen-tic analysis of Gluconobacter, Acetobacter and Gluconacetobacter. FEMS Microbiology Letters, 315,122-128. 

Cleenwerck, L, deWachter, M., Gonzalez, A., deVnyst, L., deVos, P. (2009). Differentiation of species of the family Acetohacteraceae hy AFLP DNA fingerprinting Gluconacetobacter kombuchae is a later heterotypic synonym of Gluconacetobacter hansenii. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 59, 1771-1786. 

Franke-Whittle, I. H., O Shea, M. G., Leonard, G. J., Sly, L. I. (2005). Design, development, and use of molecular primers and probes for the detection of Gluconacetobacter species in the pink sugarcane mealy bug. Microbial Ecology, 50,128-139. 

Gammon, K. S., Livens, S., Pawlowsky, K., Rawling, S. J., Chandra, S., Middleton, A. M. (2007). Development of real-time PCR methods for the rapid detection of low concentrations of Gluconobacter and Gluconacetobacter species in an electrolyte replacement drink. Letters in Applied Microbiology, 44(3), 262-267. 

Fig. 6.9 Images showing (a) nataral fibres immersed in a cnlture medium of Gluconacetobacter xylinum before bacteria cullming (b) the culture medium aber 2 days. Reprinted from Ponunet et al. [14] with permission from ACS publicatimi...

Gluconacetobacter xylinus) produces a three-dimensional network of bundles of cellulose fibrils. Pure sheets of bacterial cellulose (BC) can be used in composites without any further disintegration [25]. 

In G. xylinus, cellulose synthesis is tightly associated with catabolic processes of oxidation and consumes as much as 10% of energy derived from catabolic reactions. Production of BC does not interfere with other anabohc processes, including protein synthesis. Gluconacetobacter xylinus follows either pentose phosphate cycle or the Krebs cycle coupled with gluconeogenesis (Ross et al., 1991 Tonouchi et al., 1996). 

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