Acetobacter, strains

Apart from plants, certain bacteria, algae, and fungi produce cellulose as well. Amongst the cellulose-forming bacteria, Acetobacter strains - reclassified as the genus Gluconacetobacter - are especially suitable for the formation of cellulose. They are not pathogenic, are commonly found on fruits and fruit products, and can be cultivated under laboratory conditions. 

Whole-cell based biocatalysis utilizes an entire microorganism for the production of the desired product. One of the oldest examples for industrial applications of whole-cell biocatalysis is the production of acetic acid from ethanol with an immobilized Acetobacter strain, which was developed nearly 200 yr ago. The key advantage of whole-cell biocatalysis is the ability to use cheap and abundant raw materials and catalyze multistep reactions. Recent advances in metabolic engineering have brought a renaissance to whole-cell biocatalysis. In the following sections, two novel industrial processes that utilize whole-cell biocatalysis are discussed with emphasis on the important role played by metabolic engineering. 

Average Rates of Production of Acetic Acid for Maximum Efficiencies for Aggregating Acetobacter Strains... 

Tanasupawat, S., Kommanee, J., Yukphan, R, Nakagawa, Y., Yamada, Y (2011). Identification of Acetobacter strains from Thai fermented rice productsbased onthe 16SrRNA gene sequence and 16S-23S rRNA gene internal transcribed spacer restriction analyses. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 91, 2652-2659. 

BC) depends on the strain type. Generally, the Acetobacter strains are most suitable for static (emers) cellulose biosynthesis. However, this method is not effective with respect to the yield of the final product. Therefore, the dynamic (submers fermentation) method has to be considered. The most important question of this method is to have stable bacteria strains because an unstable strain produces spontaneously inactive bacteria (Cel"). Therefore, the preparation of highly effective bacteria strains by mutagenisation and genetic manipulation improves the dynamic production of BC. The best pilot-scale world producer of BC is Weyerhauser Co., Tacoma, WA, USA in cooperation with Cetus Corp., Emerville, California, USA. 

Some Acetobacter strains form cellulose in non-agitated culture media. Certain Gluconobacter produce other polysaccharides (glucans, levan, etc.), which make the medium viscous. 

Certain Acetobacter strains also form dike-tonic acid. Similarly, other aldoses, mannose and galactose, lead to the formation of mannonic and galactonic acid. 

Some Acetobacter strains produce predominantly the 5-ketogluconate which has been used commercially in the synthesis of isoascorbic acid. The production by Acetobacter of a soluble reducing acid which is neither the 2- nor the 5-keto acid has also been reported. It is possible that this... 

Acetobacter strains oxidize the sugar alcohols at the grouping... 

Acetobacter strains are used in the production of vinegar. A major use of UK produced vinegar is as a base for acid-based foods (sauces, salad dressings, spreads, etc.). Xanthan gum is often added to such foods as a thickening and suspending agent and it imparts a unique thixotropic property to such foods. 

Gossele F, Swings J, Kersters K, Pauwels P, De Ley J (1983b) Numerical analysis of phenotypic features and protein gel electrophoregrams of a wide variety of Acetobacter strains. Proposal for the improvement of the taxonomy of the genus Acetobacter Beijerinck 1898,215. Syst Appl Microbiol 4 338-368... 

Lisdiyanti P, Kawasaki H, Seki T, Yamada Y, Uchimura T, Komagata K (2(X)1) Identification of Acetobacter strains isolated from Indonesian sources, and proposals of Acetobacter syzygii sp. nov., Acetobacter cibinongensis sp. nov. and Acetobacter orientalis sp. nov. J Gen Appl Microbiol 47 119-131... 

Comparative analyses between gnotobiotic animals carrying wild-type Acctohactcr and those carrying mutant Acetobacter strains (i.e., the APQQ strain bearing a mutation in the P(2Q-dependent respiratory chain) provide a unique opportunity to understand the molecular mechanism by which PQQ-dependent metabolism enhances host growth. 

Komagataeibacter samples grown on synthetic media. The specific staining to highlight capsular polysaccharides (CPS) led to the observation of a specific band in Acetobacter strains that was absent in Komagataeibacter spp. (data not shown). 

Coucheron DH (1991) An Acetobacter xylinum insertion sequence element associated with inactivation of cellulose production. J Bacteriol 173 5723-5731 Couso RO, lelpi L, Dankert MA (1987) A xanthan-like, gum-like polysaccharide from Acetobacter xylinum. J Gen Microbiol 133 2123-2135 Deeraksa A, Moonmangmee S, Toyama H, Yamada M, Adachi O, Matsushita K (2005) Characterization and spontaneous mutation of a novel gene, polE, involved in pellicle formation in Acetobacter tropicalis SKUllOO. Microbiology 151 4111 120 Dudman WF (1960) Cellulose production in Acetobacter strains in submerged culture. J Gen Microbiol 22 25-30... 

Kimura S, Chen HP, Saxena IM, Brown RM Jr, Itoh T (2001) Localization of c-di-GMP-binding protein with the linear traminal complexes of Acetobacter xylinum. J Bacteriol 183 5668-5674 Kojima Y, Seto A, Tonouchi N, Tsuchida T, Yoshinaga F (1997) High rate productitm in static culture of bacterial cellulose from sucrose by a newly isolated Acetobacter strain. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 61 1585-1586... 

Seto A, Kojima Y, Tonouchi N, Tsuchida T, Yoshinaga F (1997) Screening of bacfiaial eellulose-producing Acetobacter strains suitable for sucrose as a earbon source. Biosei Biotechnol Biochem 61 735-736... 

Tonouchi N, Tsuchida T, Yoshinaga F, Horinouchi S, Beppu T (1994) A host-vector system in a cellulose-producing Acetobacter strain. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 58 1899-1901 Tonouchi N, Tahara N, Tsuchida T, Yoshinaga F, Beppu T, Horinouchi S (1995) Addition of a small amount of endoglucanase enhances cellulose production by Acetobacter xylinum. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 59 805-808... 

Toyosaki H, Naritomi T, Seto A, Matsuoka M, Tsuchida T, Yoshinaga F (1995a) Screening of bacterial cellulose-producing Acetobacter strains suitable for agitated culture. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 59 1498-1502... 

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