Gluconacetobacter xylinum,

Fig. 6.9 Images showing (a) nataral fibres immersed in a cnlture medium of Gluconacetobacter xylinum before bacteria cullming (b) the culture medium aber 2 days. Reprinted from Ponunet et al. [14] with permission from ACS publicatimi...

The authors developed a unique form of i-glucan association, nematic ordered cellulose (NOC) that is molecularly ordered, yet noncrystalline. NOC has unique characteristics in particular, its surface properties provide with a function of tracks or scaffolds for regulated movements and fiber production of Acetobacter xylinum (=Gluconacetobacter xylinus), which produces cellulose ribbon-like nanofibers with 40-60 nm in width and moves due to the inverse force of the secretion of the fibers (Kondo et al. 2002). This review attempts to reveal the exclusive superstructure-property relationship in order to extend the usage of this nematic-ordered cellulose film as a functional template. In addition, this describes the other carbohydrate polymers with a variety of hierarchical nematic-ordered states at various scales, the so-called nano/micro hierarchical structures, which would allow development of new functional-ordered scaffolds. 

---