Glucocorticoids and growth

Smith, L. and Smith, J. B., 1994, Regulation of sodium-calcium exchanger by glucocorticoids and growth factors in vascular smooth muscle. J Biol Chem 269, 27527-31. 

The history and presentation indicate hypopituitarism. This causes an increase in insulin sensitivity due to the relative deficiency of glucocorticoids and growth hormone. It was correct, therefore, to use a lower dose of insulin. 

Doupe, A.J., Patterson, P.H. and Landis, S.C. (1985b) Small intensely fluorescent (SIIO cells in culture role of glucocorticoids and growth factors in their development and phenotypic interconversions with other neural crest derivatives. J. Neurosci. 5 2143-2160. 

Insulin release is stimulated by a variety of hormones. Glucagon and ACTH Induce Instilln release In vitro and vivo by a mechanism which may be related to their effect on Intracellular concentrations of cyclic. 14,29 Glucocorticoids and growth hormone affect insulin by Increasing the sensitivity of the B-cells to stimulation by glucose.>31... 

Otfier fiormones accelerate tfie release of free fatty acids from adipose tissue and raise tfie plasma free fatty acid concentration by increasing the rate of lipolysis of the triacylglycerol stores (Figure 25—8). These include epinephrine, norepinephrine, glucagon, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), a- and P-melanocyte-stimulat-ing hormones (MSH), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), growth hormone (GH), and vasopressin. Many of these activate the hormone-sensitive hpase. For an optimal effect, most of these lipolytic processes require the presence of glucocorticoids and thyroid hormones. These hormones act in a facilitatory or permissive capacity with respect to other lipolytic endocrine factors. 

Pratt RM, Yoneda T, Silver MH. Salomon OS (1980) Involvement of glucocorticoids and epidermal growth fador in secondary palate development. In Pratt RM Christiansen RL ed. Current research trends in prenatal craniofadal development. New York, Elsevier/North-Holland Publishers, pp 235-252. 

The first inhaled glucocorticoid, beclomethasone dipropionate, revolutionized asthma therapy, when it was found that topical delivery to the lung resulted in reduced systemic side-effects (adrenal suppression, oseteoporosis and growth inhibition) typically seen with oral steroid treatments. Interestingly, a further reduction in systemic exposure was achieved with the introduction of fluticasone propionate (1). The evolution of this drug stemmed from observations with the steroid 17-carboxylates that showed that these esters were active topically when esterified, while the parent acids were inactive. Thus it was realized that enzymatic hydrolysis of the ester would lead to systemic deactivation. SAR studies led to a series of carbothioates, which were very active in vivo when topically applied to rodents, but were inactive after oral administration. It was shown that fluticasone propionate (1) underwent first pass metabolism in the liver to the corresponding inactive 173-carboxylic acid (la) (Scheme 1). This observation was... 

This compound, a potent steroid with both glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid activity, is the most widely used mineralocorticoid. Doses of 0.1 mg two to seven times weekly have potent salt-retaining activity and are used in the treatment of adrenocortical insufficiency associated with mineralocorticoid deficiency. These dosages are too small to have important anti-inflammatory or anti growth effects. 

Brambilla, G., M. Fiori, and E. Pierdominici. 1998. A possible correlation between the blood leukocyte formula and the use of glucocorticoids as growth promoters in beef cattle. Veterin. Res. Commun. 22 457 165. 

Various cells of lymphatic origin, most prominently immature thymocytes and certain leukaemia and lymphoma cells respond to high physiological or pharmacological doses of glucocorticoids by growth inhibition and cell lysis [8,12,17-25], In some cells the response is limited to the inhibition of cell proliferation, in others an initial phase of diminished growth with preferential accumulation of cells in the G, phase... 

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