Role culture

Since, as indicated above, many organizations have authoritarian role cultures, which will have developed relatively high levels of dependence in their employees, the problem arises as to how it is possible to move people from dependence to inter-dejaendence. Unfortunately, experience teaches us that there is no way to move directly from one to the other. It seems that it is only possible to move via counter-dependence or mutual dependence, or quite often, a combination of both. This is indicated by the arrows in Figure 6.1. 

The UN World Decade for Cultural Development (1988-1997) had four aims acknowledging the cultural dimension of development, affirming and enriching cultural identities, broadening participation in culture and promoting international cultural cooperation.Cultural development is often considered as one dimension of development. As a consequence, the question addressed is not so much about the development of culture but rather what role culture plays in development and how it can be protected or preserved in ongoing development processes. 

A good compilation of the functions of fats in various food products is available (26). Some functions are quite subtle, eg, fats lend sheen, color, color development, and crystallinity. One of the principal roles is that of texture modification which includes viscosity, tenderness (shortening), control of ice crystals, elasticity, and flakiness, as in puff pastry. Fats also contribute to moisture retention, flavor in cultured dairy products, and heat transfer in deep fried foods. For the new technology of microwave cooking, fats assist in the distribution of the heating patterns of microwave cooking. 

Microorganisms requite several minerals such as ferrous and potassium ions which play important roles in glutamic acid fermentation. Other important culture conditions include regulating aeration stirring. The biosynthesis of L-glutamic acid is performed under regulated aerobic conditions. 

Except as an index of respiration, carbon dioxide is seldom considered in fermentations but plays important roles. Its participation in carbonate equilibria affects pH removal of carbon dioxide by photosynthesis can force the pH above 10 in dense, well-illuminated algal cultures. Several biochemical reactions involve carbon dioxide, so their kinetics and equilibrium concentrations are dependent on gas concentrations, and metabolic rates of associated reactions may also change. Attempts to increase oxygen transfer rates by elevating pressure to get more driving force sometimes encounter poor process performance that might oe attributed to excessive dissolved carbon dioxide. 

On the resources side, there are obviously upper limits on human capabilities in these areas. However, these capabilities will be considerably enhanced if the jobs and tasks are designed to utilize human capabilities effectively, if teams are constituted properly in terms of roles, and if personnel with sufficient capability (through training and selection) are available. In addition, these resources will be made more effective if an appropriate culture... 

Make sure your proposal fits the corporate style and culture. Make sure your expectations for senior management are consistent with your company s operating style. For example, a CEO who is accustomed to delegating most decisions is unlikely to accept a role that seems to take away divisional authority, while a facility manager with little functional autonomy will probably be leery of taking a highly visible role without approval from a superior. Of course, the CEO retains overall accountability for environmental and safety performance—that cannot be del ated ... 

The value of hard work and logical thinking shouldn t be underestimated but pure luck also plays a role in most real scientific breakthroughs. What has been called "the supreme example [of luck] in all scientific history" occurred in the late summer of 1928 when the Scottish bacteriologist Alexander Fleming went on vacation, leaving in his lab a culture plate recently inoculated with the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus. 

Although exopolysaccharides do not normally have a structural role, they do form structures that can be detected by either light or electron microscopy. Exopolysaccharides may form part of a capsule closely attached to the microbial cell surface, or appear as loose slime secreted by the cell but not directly attached to it mucoid Exopolysaccharide producing cells usually form mucoid colonies on solid media and colonies liquid cultures of these cells may become very viscous. However, growth conditions can... 

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