Geosphere

I. Engkvist and Y. Albiusson, Eourth International Conference on the Chemistry and Migration Pehavior of Actinides andFission Products in the Geosphere R. 

Jensen, B. S. RIS-Report on Critical review of available information on migration phenomena of radionuclides into the geosphere, 1981. 

Saltelli, A. Avogadro, A. Bertozzi, G. "Proc. Workshop on the Migration of Long-lived Radionuclides in the Geosphere" OECD/NEA Paris, 1979 p 147. 

The constant transport of material within and through the geospheres is powered by the sun and by the heat of the Earth s interior. A simple diagram of these geospheric concepts and the energy that moves material within them is presented in Fig. 1-1. The result of the interactions shown in Plate 1 and Fig. 1-1 is an Earth system that is complex, coupled, and evolving. 

In contrast with phosphorus, most metals can exist in a variety of oxidation states and physical forms, which makes them participants in all of the geospheres. However, because metals are generally trace elements for biota, most of the metal cycles are not significantly altered by biological interaction, but rather may affect the... 

Li L, Barry DA, Stagnitti F, Parlange, J-Y (1999) Submarine groundwater discharge and associated chemical input to a coastal sea. Water Resour Res 35 3253-3259 Lieser KH, Hill R (1992) Chemistry of thorium in the hydrosphere and in the geosphere. Radiochim Acta 56 141-151... 

Moulin V, Ouzounian G (1992) Role of colloids and humic substances in the transport of radio-elements through the geosphere. Appl Geochem (Suppl. Issue 1 179-186 Murakami T, Ohnuki T, Isobe H, Sato T (1997) Mobility of uranium during weathering. Am Mineral 82 888-899... 

Holloway S., Pearce J., et al. Natural emissions of C02 from the geosphere and their bearing on the geological storage of carbon dioxide. 2007 Energy Conversion and Management 32 1194—1201. 

Matschullat J. Arsenic in the geosphere a Review. Sci Total Environ 2000 249 297-312. 

As mentioned above, some chemistry of a few heavier elements is also of concern in the development of the geosphere and of living systems as we shall see later. A striking case is the chemistry of molybdenum (Mo) and tungsten (W), which we take here with vanadium (V). The first two elements are in the second and third series of transition metals and all three are found in higher combining ratios and with a greater preference for S rather than O, W less so than Mo (the... 

K.B. Anderson and R.E. Winans, Nature and fate of natural resins in the geosphere. I. Evaluation of pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry for the analysis of natural resins and... 

The first class, discussed in detail in Chapter 6, was reaction between a fluid and the minerals it contacts. The kinetics of the reactions by which minerals dissolve and precipitate was the subject of the preceding chapter (Chapter 16). The second class of reactions commonly observed to be in disequilibrium in natural waters, as discussed in Chapter 7, is redox reactions. The subject of this chapter is modeling the rates at which redox reactions proceed within the aqueous solution, or when catalyzed on a mineral surface or by the action of an enzyme. In the following chapter (Chapter 18), we consider the related question of how rapidly redox reactions proceed when catalyzed in the geosphere by the action of microbial life. 

Geochemists increasingly find a need to better understand the distribution of microbial life within the geosphere, and the interaction of the communities of microbes there with the fluids and minerals they contact. How do geochemical conditions determine where microbial communities develop, and what groups of microbes they contain And how do those communities affect the geochemistry of their environments ... 

Terrestrial plants function as conduits for the transport of elemental mercury from the geosphere to the atmosphere (Leonard et al. 1998a). Estimated mercury emissions from plants in the Carson River Drainage Basin of Nevada over the growing season (0.5 mg Hg/m2) add to the soil mercury... 

Anderson, K.B. and Botto, R.E. (1993). The nature and fate of natural resins in the geosphere III re-evaluation of the structure and composition of highgate copalite and glessite. Organic Geochemistry 20 1027-1038. 

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