Genotoxicity occurrence

S.O. Mueller, M. Schmitt, W. Decant, FI. Stopper, J. Schlatter, P. Schleier and W.K. Lutz, Occurrence of emodin, chrysophanol and physcion in vegetables, herbs and liquors. Genotoxicity and anti-genotoxicity of the anthraquinones and of the whole plants. Food Chem. Toxicol. 37 (1999) 481 -91. 

Jiigerstad, M., Skog, K., Arvidsson, P. and Solyakov, A. (1998). Chemistry, formation and occurrence of genotoxic heterocyclic amines identified in model systems and cooked foods, Z. Lebensm. Unters. Forsch A, 207, 419—427. 

Richardson SD, Plewa Ml, Wagner ED, Schoeny R, DeMarini DM (2007) Occurrence, genotoxicity, and carcinogenicity of regulated and emerging disinfection by-products in drinking water a review and roadmap for research. Mutat Res/Rev Mutat Res 636 178-242... 

Haloaldehydes are formed primarily with chlorine or chloramine disinfection, but they are increased in formation with preozonation. In the Nationwide Occurrence Study, haloaldehydes were the third largest DBP class by weight (behind THMs and HAAs) of all the DBPs studied. Dichloroacetaldehyde was the most abundant of these haloaldehydes, with a maximum concentration of 16 pg/L. Before this study, chloral hydrate (trichloroacetaldehyde) was the only commonly measured haloaldehyde, and it was included in the ICR. Chloral hydrate and monochloroacetaldehyde are mutagenic in vitro [1], and tribromoacetaldehyde and chloral hydrate were recently found to be genotoxic in human cells [72]. 

Repeated subcutaneous or intraperitoneal injection of manganese dichloride caused increased incidences of lymphosarcomas in mice. Chronic oral exposure of rats to manganese sulfate led to a slight increase in pancreatic tumors that was not dose responsive." There is no information relating manganese exposure to cancer occurrence in humans." Genotoxic assays have yielded mixed results."... 

The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) develops criteria documents to describe the scientific basis for occupational safety and health standards. They contain critical reviews of the available literature on physical and chemical properties, uses and occurrence, toxicokinetics, general toxicity, toxic effects on various organs, genotoxicity, carcinogenicity, and developmental and reproductive toxicity of particular agents. Data are evaluated in the context of potential human occupational exposures, and recommendations for minimizing safety and health risks are provided. Most of these documents were written more than 10 years ago, and many are more than 20 years old. 

Genotoxic DNA-alkylating activation-independent (mustard gas) activation-dependent (nitrosamines) Interfering with DNA (inorganic metals) Transspecies occurrence At low dose levels Short latency period No threshold for extrapolation to humans... 

Cancer risk assessment involves a quantitative estimate of the carcinogenic activity of a carcinogen. For genotoxic carcinogens, this estimate is derived from the cancer potency of the carcinogen. Cancer potency is defined as the slope of the dose-response curve for induction of tumors, and is a function of the dose and the magnitude of response, measured as a slope. The endpoint is the cancer incidence or frequency of occurrence of cancer (tumor induction) in... 

Genotoxicity. Data on the genotoxicity of ammonia in humans are limited to a study of workers at a fertilizer factory that found an increase in clastogenic effects (Yadav and Kaushik 1997). In vivo animal data consist of a study in mice that found alterations in the occurrence of micronuclei (Yadav and Kaushik 1997) and several studies in Drosophila melanogaster that resulted in a positive response for mutagenic lethality (Lobasov and Smirnov 1934), but negative responses for sex-linked recessive lethal... 

Genotoxicity. Studies of miners and other populations exposed to radon and radon daughters showed an increased occurrence of chromosomal abnormalities. However, because exposure-effect relationships have not yet been established and the biological significance of these chromosomal effects is uncertain, further studies should be performed. In vitro studies using human cell lines could help determine a dose-response for exposure to radon and radon daughters and increased chromosomal abnormalities. Such relationships may be difficult to establish because of possible interactions with other substances, i.e., uranium ore dust. There are no in vivo animal data to support the observed increase in chromosomal abnormalities in human populations. Further observations in laboratory animals are needed to explain these effects. 

---