Genetically engineered products

The engineering of eukaryotic genes in eukaryotic organisms (yeast) is still in its infancy and its application is not as well developed as that of the bacterial systems. This is due to the increased complexity encountered in the structure and function of eukaryotic chromosomes. However, many advances have been made in the development of this system, particularly for the production of materials that require post-translational modification of the protein, and where other additional materials must be added before a fully functional molecule is produced (e.g. glycoproteins). 

Many chemicals important to genetic research have been produced at high levels, e.g. DNA ligase production in E. coli can be enhanced several hundred fold. Other enzymes can also be produced for industrial use and enhanced degradative ability has been generated for instance, enhanced petroleum degraders can be added to oil spills to accelerate clean-up operations. However, it is in the production of medically related compounds that this technology has been most successfully applied as, for example, in the production of insulin. 

Historically, insulin has been produced by extracting it from the pancreas of pigs and oxen, but the protein is not precisely the same as that found in humans and, although it functions in the same manner, its use can produce unwelcome side effects. Insulin produced from cloned DNA is identical to human insulin and is consequently considered safer. Another major advantage is that the production of insulin is not then limited by the number of pigs slaughtered. Using E. coli or yeasts, the process can be far more easily controlled and matched to demand so that this, and many other hormones, are now produced by this method. 

Other proteins which are being made using genetically engineered organisms include vaccines for animals and humans. Table 5.16 shows some examples of products that have used rDNA technology. 

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Genetic engineering products enjoy rapid and ample diffusion thanks to their specific legal framework. 

Since 1986, the USFDA has approved 22 vaccines (Table 12.7), half of them from a genetic engineering (and all, of course, from a biotechnology source). The cells used for such genetic engineering production of vaccine can be mammalian, insect or bacterial. 

As for Amie, I think she will continue to let me take the first bite of any new genetically engineered product on the market. For our friendship I will do it. I wouldn t risk that for anything. 

The rules that have always governed the use of ethanol, government policy favoring one agricultural raw material over another, the new constraints that limit the marketing of genetically engineered products—all these factors serve to remind those interested in the... 

Table 2.12 Genetically engineered products for the food industry...

The timing of the introduction of the product was an historical accident, as dramatic as that of the commercializing of the first antibiotics just as World War II erupted. For only two years later did Eli Lilly s team, working with Rutter s laboratory at San Francisco, take the first step to commercialize genetically engineered products. From the very start, therefore, Abbott had a leading position in this sector of the new biotechnology industry. 

Genetically engineered products are reviewed on a case-by-case basis to address any special questions that may arise. Most risk assessment considerations and methods for data development are similar to those established for naturally occurring microbial pesticide products. 

Risk Assessment and Regulation of Genetically Engineered Products... 

Data must be provided on the identity of the chemical active ingredient as well as of the contaminants (12-13) (Table I). These data requirements are sufficiently inclusive to be applicable to chemicals manufactured by biotechnological processes. It should be emphasized that different tests may be necessary to provide the data for genetically engineered products and that new tests may have to be developed to do so. Toxicity testing requirements to assess potential hazard to human health are outlined in T-1-245 (14) and are summarized in Table II. It should be noted that the technical... 

There are few methods for evaluating the safety of genetically engineered products. Risk analysis techniques are useful. Major differences in standards and procedures exist among countries regarding acceptance of genetically modified organisms (GMO) that enter food supplies. 

A. succiniciproducens. (titer, yield. genetic engineering production... 

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