Genetic engineering, production strain

In yeast and mycelial fungi, xylose is metabolized via coupled oxidation-reduction reactions . Xylose reductase is the enzyme involved in the reduction of xylose to xylitol. Sequential enzymatic events, through the oxidation of xylitol to xylulose, lead to the utilization of xylose. Many yeast species utilize xylose readily, but the ethanol production capability is very limited. Only a few yeast species effectively produce ethanol from xylose these include Pachysolen tan-nophilus, Candida shihatae and Pichia stipitis [80]. The production of ethanol from xylose by these three yeast strains has been studied extensively in recent years. Recently, genetically engineered yeast strains have been constructed for more effective conversion of xylose to ethanol. 

Taken together, humanized glycosylation at least sufficient for antibody production was achieved in genetically engineered moss strains, without any negative influence on growth rates in bioreactor cultures or on their secretion capacity for recombinant proteins. 

B. Production of Nisin and Other Lantibietics in Genetically Engineered Heterologous Strains, such as BaciUus subtilis 168... 

Schaffer S,Van Den BMA, Boergel D, HueUerT. Production of sphingoid bases using genetically engineered microbial strains 2010. Patent USPA 20100190219. 

Mato JM, Alvarez L, Ortiz P, Pajares MA (1997) S-adenosylmethionine synthesis molecular mechanisms and clinical implications. Pharmacol Ther 73 265-280 Matos JR, Raushel EM, Wong CH (1987) S-Adenosylmethionine study on chemical and enzymatic synthesis. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 9 39-52 Minas W, Brunker P, Kallio PT, Bailey JE (1998) Improved erythromycin production in a genetically engineered industrial strain of Saccharopolyspora erythraea. Biotechnol Prog 14 561-566... 

Genetic engineering was also carried out to improve yields even further. TTie production organism, strain AS1, assimilates ammonia according to the scheme ... 

Li, R. and Townsend, C.A. (2006) Rational strain improvement for enhanced clavulanic acid production by genetic engineering of the glycolytic pathway in Streptomyces clavuligerus. Metabolic Engineering, 8, 240-252. 

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