Genetically-engineered organisms

NRC (National Research Council) (2004). Biological Confinement of Genetically Engineered Organisms, The National Academies Press, Washington, DC. 

Whether genetically engineered organisms will be successful for the production of vanillin not only depends on the economic feasibility of the process, but also on the acceptance by the public of GMO-produced vanillin. 

Some viruses and bacteria have been explored as genetically engineered organisms to express appropriate peptides or proteins or even specific epitopes to raise the protective immunity of the entire organism against aggressive pathogens. 

The development of pesticides, for instance, led to the development of genetically engineered organisms and enzymes to handle particularly difficult or uncoimnon organics. Organophosphate pesticides (malathion, diazinon, parathion, etc.) are examples that will be discussed in detail in subsequent chapters. To develop this technology commercially, however, many of the microorganisms must be isolated because they are expensive or are not safe to release to effluent streams. 

Dwyer, D. F. (1994). Behavior of pollutant-degrading microorganisms in aquifers predictions for genetically engineered organisms. Environmental Science and Technology, 28, 1134-8. 

Other proteins which are being made using genetically engineered organisms include vaccines for animals and humans. Table 5.16 shows some examples of products that have used rDNA technology. 

Sonoma County, California. 2005, November 8. Measure M, Genetically Engineered Organism Nuisance Abatement Ordinance County of Sonoma, http //smartvoter.org/ 2005/11/08/ca/ sn/meas/M/ (accessed March 7, 2006). 

To be cost effective, the process must use organisms capable of fermenting the full spectrum of five- and six-carbon sugars released from cellulose and hemicellulose. The advent of efficient genetically engineered organisms equipped with metabolic pathways to handle both types of sugars is an important... 

Synthetic pyrethroids, avermectins, juvenile hormone mimics, biological pesticides 1985- Genetically engineered organisms... 

Substances from genetically engineered organisms have increased the cost and side effects of replacing missing body chemicals. 

---