Irritant-induced

Resiniferatoxin (RTX) is the toxin isolated from the spurge Euphorbia resinifera which is responsible for the powerful burning sensation and skin irritation induced by the milky sap of these plants. Like capsaicin, resiniferatoxin activates TRPV1 currents, but not the currents through other members ofthe TRPV subfamily. 

B. Irritant-induced asthma, work-aggravated asthma, and chronic bronchitis... 

Irritant-induced asthma usually occurs following a single or multiple accidental high-intensity exposures. Repetitive lower intensity exposures to irritants may also cause asthma (Balmes, 2002). Once asthma develops. 

Friese, N., Diop, L., Chevalier, E., Angel, F., Riviere, P.J.M., Dahl, S.G. Involvement of prostaglandins and CGRP-dependent sensory afferents in peritoneal irritation-induced visceral pain, Reg. peptides 1997, 70, 1-7. 

Furrer, P., et al. 2000. Application of in vivo confocal microscopy to the objective evaluation of ocular irritation induced by surfactants. Int J Pharm 207 89. 

Grangsjo, A. et al., Irritant-induced keratinocyte proliferation evaluated with two different methods immunohistochemistry and x-ray microanalysis, J. Submicrosc. Cytol. Pathol., 32, 11, 2000. 

Many varieties of red pepper, derived from plants of the genus Capsicum, are used in different cuisines around the world for their sensory properties of oral chemical "heat", volatile flavor and color. Determination of the degree of heat in a pepper sample has been a difficult problem for both sensory and instrumental analysts of flavor. Furthermore, the literature concerning the sensory physiology and perceptual responses of the "common chemical sense" (as defined later) has lagged behind other areas of study of the chemical senses. The purpose of this paper will be to review recent developments in two areas, the development of a standard method for sensory analysis of ground red pepper heat and the psychophysical characterization of observers responses to oral chemical Irritation induced by spice-derived compounds. 

Lundblad, L., Lundberg, J.M. (1984). Capsaicin sensitive sensory neurons mediate the response to nasal irritation induced by the vapor phase of cigarette smoke. Toxicology. 33 1-7. 

Most household maintenance products contain mixtures of lipophiles and hydrophiles that can produce unanticipated toxic effects. Irritant-induced asthma is an example of such an effect. Solvent-based and waterborne paints contain solvents that are nonsensitizing irritants that are individually not known to induce asthma. Despite this, exposures to both types of paints have been shown to cause the asthma-like condition reactive airways dysfunction syndrome (RADS).I13 14 RADS is discussed in detail in Chapterl8. 

This section is devoted to chemical mixtures that are respiratory irritants. Irritants do not induce immunochemical responses, and irritation in non-sensitized individuals generally leads to slower, less serious respiratory responses and usually requires higher doses of toxicants to produce symptoms than in sensitized people. Irritant-induced inflammation responses (e.g., bronchial hyperactivity) can be severe and prolonged but, by definition, do not result in sensitization of those so exposed. Mixtures of lipo-philes and hydrophiles induce irritant respiratory system responses at concentration levels that are below those for the single chemicals. This phenomenon is well demonstrated by exposures in sick buildings. ... 

Tarlo SM. Irritant-induced occupational asthma. Chest 1989 96(2) 297-300. 

Surveillance should be extended, or established, to collect information on clinical diagnoses of occupational disease, and should include the relative frequency of sensitiser-induced disease, irritant-induced disease, and work-exacerbated disease. 

Burin, G. J., Gibb, H. J., and Hill, R. N. (1995). Human bladder cancer Evidence for a potential irritation-induced mechanism. Food Chem Toxicol 33, 785-795. 

Irritant-induced asthma (RADS) occurs in the absence of a latency period, after either a single exposure to toxic concentrations or repetitive exposures to lower concentrations of gases, strong acids and alkalis, organic solvents or wood smoke (Brooks et al., 1985). Such exposures often result in NSBH that may persist for months or years (Brooks and Bernstein, 1993). 

BROOKS, S.M. BERNSTEIN, I.L. (1993) Reactive airways dysfunction syndrome or irritant-induced asthma, in BERNSTEIN, I.L., CHAN-YEUNG, M MALO, J.-L. BERNSTEIN, D.I. (Eds) Asthma in the Workplace, pp. 533-549. New York Marcel Dekker. 

The focus of this chapter is occupational asthma mediated by immunological hypersensitivity, termed occupational asthma with a latency period by Bernstein et al. (1993). This may involve formation of IgE antibody, but not necessarily. Rhinitis, conjunctivitis and urticaria are included because they co-exist commonly with asthma and share common mechanisms. Occupational asthma caused by an irritant exposure sufficient to damage airway mucosa is excluded. There may be immunological epiphenomena, such as formation of specific antibody, in irritant-induced asthma but, when present, these do not imply an immunological causal pathway. 

DM DA DC Local irritant, induces vomiting. Wear mask in spite of symptoms-the mask should be lifted in the event of vomiting. Spontaneous improvement. No effects. 

Various other receptors have been associated with cough suppression in animal models, such as non-opioid receptors (NOP-1) (Bolser et al. 2001 McLeod et al. 2001, 2004 Lee et al. 2006), cannabinoid receptors (Gordon et al. 1976 Jia et al. 2002 Morita and Kamei 2003 Patel et al. 2003), and dopaminergic receptors (Kamei et al. 1987a Li et al. 2002). In humans, dopaminergic receptors appear to have no effect on irritant-induced cough in normal subjects (O Connell 2002). 

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