Equipment design generalized

APDOIOO.1.3, 2007. Airbus, Safety Reliability Requirements, Equipment-design-general Requirements for Suppliers. 

Process simulators stop generally at the process specifications for the equipment. For the detailed mechanical design of the equipment, such as heat exchangers and distillation columns, stand-alone programs are often used. They make process calculations, size the equipment, calculate thermal and mechanical stresses, design mechanical support of the parts of the equipment, design inlet and outlet nozzles, etc. 

Generalized Correla.tions. A simple and rehable method for the prediction of vapor—Hquid behavior has been sought for many years to avoid experimentally measuring the thermodynamic and physical properties of every substance involved in a process. Whereas the complexity of fluids makes universal behavior prediction an elusive task, methods based on the theory of corresponding states have proven extremely useful and accurate while still retaining computational simplicity. Methods derived from corresponding states theory are commonly used in process and equipment design. 

A study of how a sohd dries may be based on the internal mechanism of liquid flow or on the effec t of the external conditions of temperature, humidity, air flow, state of subdivision, etc., on the diying rate of the sohds. The former procedure generally requires a fundamental study of the internal condition. The latter procedure, although less fundamental, is more generally used because the results have greater immediate application in equipment design and evaluation. 

Typical new equipment design efficiencies are between 99 and 99.9%. Older existing equipment have a range of actual operating efficiencies of 95 to 99.9%. Several factors determine fabric filter collection efficiency. These include gas filtration velocity, particle characteristics, fabric characteristics, and cleaning mechanism. In general, collection efficiency increases with increasing filtration velocity and particle size. 

For this one company stress-corrosion cracking alone cost 2M annually and the corresponding figure for the US chemical industry was 13M Some general points can be made about equipment design in connection with the more important types of corrosion. 

Radiant power boilers are two-phase boilers. Designs typically employ only one drum for the largest installations, whereas smaller power boiler designs generally incorporate two drums. Fossil fuel-fed, radiant power boilers are probably the most common type of equipment employed for large-scale utility power generation. 

These various problems may arise under several different circumstances. For example, difficulties may result from consistently poor operational control of the boiler plant or from enforced operating conditions that fall outside generally accepted procedures. Alternatively, problems may stem from malfunctioning equipment, from equipment design flaws, from inadequate water treatment programs, or even as a result of poor interpretation of monitored results and bad water treatment advice. 

General Considerations. Continuous mass processes for polystyrene have been in commercial use since the 1930 s, and for rubber-modified polystyrene (HIPS) since the 1950 s. Much of the information on equipment design, process configuration and operating parameters connected with continuous processes is found in the patent literature. There are inherent limitations to such sources. Recognizing this, we will provide... 

The purchase price of some instruments may include set-up and check-out by a manufacturer s representative. In such cases, the laboratory operator should only check for physical condition of a shipment and call the representative about its arrival. Other equipment will generally be set up at its permanent location as soon as it is unpacked and checked. Supplies will be taken to their designated storage areas. The accompanying warranty cards should be filled out and mailed as soon as possible. 

This section is a general discussion of the techniques used for the preparation of flowsheets from manual calculations. The stream flows and compositions are calculated from material balances combined with the design equations that arise from the process and equipment design constraints. 

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