General analytical protocol

IV. RECOMMENDED ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES A. General analytical protocol 1. Apparatus and reagents... 

Lipids are susceptible to oxidation and, therefore, analytical protocols are required to measure their quality. Not all lipids have the same degree of susceptibility to oxidation. Many factors are responsible for a lipid s tendency to oxidize, including the presence of catalysts, oxidative enzymes, radiation, and a lipid-air interface, as well as the oxygen partial pressure, the incorporation of oxygen into the product, and the presence of metal ions. The most important factor is the degree of unsaturation of the lipid itself. The majority of a food product s polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are generally contained in phospholipids, which are consequently more prone to autoxi-dation than the triacylglycerol fraction. 

Lipids are susceptible to oxidation and, as such, require analytical protocols to measure their quality. As described in vnitd2.i, autoxi-dation is one of the chief processes by which lipids degrade. The primary products from this reaction are hydroperoxides. These odorless and colorless transient species break down by various means to secondary products, which are generally odoriferous by nature. Being able to measure secondary oxidation products by simple spectrophotometric means is important for the food scientist so that he or she is able to characterize the extent of lipid oxidation. However, the researcher should be cautioned that one assay (e.g., TBA test) does not provide all the answers. To get a better picture of the story, both primary and secondary products of lipid oxidation should be assessed simultaneously by the different methods available (unitdu). 

In this chapter we shall discuss LCA in the context of protocols for the analysis of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) in surface water using two different extraction techniques,11 and the LCA of the utilization of different solvents.12-26 Generally speaking, this is the beginning of the use of LCA to assess the environmental impact of analytical protocols at the moment, there are not many papers on this subject, but this situation is sure to improve in the near future. 

In the final phase of LCA, inferences are drawn especially from LCI analysis and LCIA. From an analysis of the results, conclusions can be drawn and limitations defined, and recommendations for producers and policy-makers can be made. In general, the purpose of an LCA is to make inferences that can support a decision or provide a basis for a viewpoint. This means that the process of drawing conclusions is perhaps the most important step in any LCA. The relevant issue of interpretation is dealt with in ISO 14043. This phase will be exemplified as a case study comparing the results of LCA for two analytical protocols. 

Regulatory-Compliant Environment Generate A General Analytical Method And Validation Protocol... 

This chapter deals, rather generally, with the use of MIPs in optically based analytical protocols, as well as in real sensors, and concludes with a summary of recent progress in our laboratory toward the development of automated, flow injection type optical sensors. 

Due to the wide range of organic compounds in sediments, a three-stage analytical protocol is generally adopted ... 

The principal analytical methods employed in the analysis of pharmaceuticals in aqueous environmental samples include both GC and FC coupled to MS or MS/MS. In general, FC-MS methods have demonstrated lower relative standard deviations than GC-MS methods that have derivatization prior to analysis. FC-ESI-MS/MS is presented as the technique of choice for polar, unstable, and high molecular mass compounds, such as most pharmaceuticals and their metabolites. MS detection has preferably been performed with the ESI interface. An analytical protocol applying FC-ESI-MS/MS with previous filtration of the water sample, with addition of NaiEDTA to avoid complexation of analytes (especially tetracyclines) with metals present in the water, was proposed for the analysis of antibiotics corresponding to the classes of macrolides, sulfonamides, penicillins, and tetracyclines in water samples. 

Analytical Protocols. IRMS should be utilized in casework following analysis and identification of the samples of interest utilizing traditional forensic techniques. The technique is destructive hence, the technique should generally be utilized at the end of an analytical sequence, particularly if limited sample is available. 

IUPAC (1993) Analytical Chemistry Division, Commission on General Aspects of Analytical Chemistry The International Harmonized Protocol for the Proficience Testing of (Chemical) Analytical Laboratories. Pure Appl Chem 65 2123... 

The ability to provide accurate and reliable data is central to the role of analytical chemists, not only in areas like the development and manufacture of drugs, food control or drinking water analysis, but also in the field of environmental chemistry, where there is an increasing need for certified laboratories (ISO 9000 standards). The quality of analytical data is a key factor in successfully identifying and monitoring contamination of environmental compartments. In this context, a large collection of methods applied to the routine analysis of prime environmental pollutants has been developed and validated, and adapted in nationally or internationally harmonised protocols (DIN, EPA). Information on method performance generally provides data on specificity, accuracy, precision (repeatability and reproducibility), limit of detection, sensitivity, applicability and practicability, as appropriate. 

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